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Pharmacology > Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Review > Flashcards

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is Glycogenesis?

A

The process of converting excess glucose into glycogen to be stored in the liver.

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2
Q

What is Glycogenolysis?

A

The conversion of glycogen into glucose in order to increase blood serum levels.

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3
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Insulin Secretion?

A
  1. The beta cells sense the increased glucose
  2. GLUT-2 transporters carry the glucose into the cell
  3. The glucose is metabolized
  4. The cell depolarizes (K+ channels close)
  5. The Ca+ channels open, stimulating the vesicles
  6. The vesicles are propelled to the membrane
  7. Their contents are expelled through exocytosis
  8. Insulin and amylin are released into the bloodstream
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4
Q

Which molecule metabolizes glucose into ATP?

A

Glucokinase

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5
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Glucagon Secretion?

A
  1. The alpha cells are stimulated
  2. They release glucagon
  3. Glucagon stimulates the liver to initiate glycogenolysis
  4. The glycogen is converted into glucose
  5. The glucose serum levels rise
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6
Q

What is the role of cortisol?

A

It is a glucocorticoid used when the body is in ‘starvation mode. It metabolizes all sources of energy in order to gain ATP to keep the cells alive/ functioning

-In patients with DKA, cortisol levels increase due to ketoacidosis

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7
Q

What is the role of epinephrine?

A

It is released during times of stress (fight or flight). It stimulates glycogenolysis (in order to increase blood glucose levels and ultimately create more ATP to power the cells)
epineephren=adrenaline

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8
Q

What is the role of growth hormone?

A

It is released during long periods of stress OR starvation. Its role is to inhibit glucose uptake in order to stimulate and increase glucose serum levels. Ultimately causing stimulation in insulin secretion

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9
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Diabetes Mellitus is caused by the improper functioning of the pancreas. The pancreatic cells are damaged and therefore are unable to secrete the hormones to control blood glucose levels. (insulin, amylin and glucagon)

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10
Q

What is Type 1 Diabetes?

A

Type 1 diabetes is completely insulin-dependent. Requiring insulin administration in order to achieve glucose uptake into cells.

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11
Q

What is the normal range for glucose serum levels?

A

4mmol/L-8mmol/L

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12
Q

What is the normal basal level?

A

5-15 IU/mL

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13
Q

What is the average Peak rise?

A

60-90 IU/mL

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14
Q

What is the Pathophysiology Pathway?

A

Hyperglycemia, Polydipsia, Polyuria, Glycosuria

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15
Q

Which cellular receptor does insulin bind to?

A

Tyrosine Kinase Receptors

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16
Q

Insulin Inhibition

A

Somatostatin (released by the delta cells in order to inhibit the release of insulin and glucagon)

Pharmacology (27 decks)

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