Obesity & Eating Disorders Flashcards
Define obesity? Include BMI and body fat %
Abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health.
BMI 25+ overweight
30+ obese
Body fat percentage over 30% monen and 25% men
Key obesity stats
Tripled since 1975
38 million kids in 2019
39% of world popular overweight 2016
Factors driving obesity
Portion sizes
Food abundance
Convenience food
Palatability
Eating speed
Increased alcohol consumption
Sedentary lifestyle
How does exercise support healthy weight?
Increases cellular AMPK (activated protein kinase) increasing GLUT4 activation, glucose update and mitochondrial activity.
List some conditions that are linked to obesity
Coronary heart disease
Hypertension
Fatty liver disease
Dyslipidemia Infertility
Dementia
Chronic fatigue
Hypothyroidism
How does sleep disruption drive obesity?
How to support sleep
Creates hormonal imbalance that promote overeating
Reduce glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity
Resrupt ghrelin and leptin balance
May activate inflammatory pathways
Epsom salt baths
Avoid bue light
Deal with root cause
Stress management
Magnesium
B6
Valarian, Chamomile and passionflower teas.
Rescue remedy night spray
Natural fibres
What is Chronobiology and how does it drive obesity?
What to do?
Shift work
Sleep deprivation and exposure to bright light at night
Irregular eating patterns
Late-night eating
Try to adhere to regular eating pattern
Avoid sweets and caffeine
Look to nourishing snacks
How does long-term high cortisol drive obesity?
HPA axis imbalance caused by high GI foods, chronic stress, alcohol, sleep deprivation, night eating syndrome.
Stress enhances preference for energy dense ‘comfort foods’
Can alter eating behaviours - 50% consume more food when stressed.
How does processed food drive obesity?
Palatability - dopamine stimulators - fat, starch, salt, glutamate, alcohol, caffeine.
Can override satiety signals
Artificially sweetened drinks, high fructose corn syrup - strong association with obesity.
What is the connection between microbiome and obesity?
Low akkermansia muciniphilia linked to obesity - linked to damaged mucosal barrier - metabolic endotoxemia - disrupted insulin signalling/inflammation.
Low plant fibre - reduces SCFAs.
What genetic factors are linked to obesity?
VDR snips - associated with inflammation and possible link to gut permeability
ADIPOQ gene mutations - adiponectin deficiency may perdispose metabolic siruption
SLC2A2 - increased consumption of sugar.
What happens with persistent energy surplus?
Energy imbalance - increased storage -
increased adipocyte numbers (hyperplasia) and size hypertrophy
Links with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, T2DM and NAFLD
Consider fasting.
What is adipose tissue and what types are there?
Metabolically active organ which regulates whole body energy homeostasis
White AT - long-term energy storage (inlc. subcutaneous adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue) intra-abdominal
Brown adipose tissue - early life
Beige-white adipose tissue - similar to brown
What does adipose tissue produce?
Adipocytes and other adipose cells produce lipids, steroids, inflammatory cytokines and peptide hormones (e.g. leptin)
What factors influence satiety?
Mechanical stretch of the stomach via the Vagus nerve
Adipocyte hormones - ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin
Hormones and peptides - glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and cholecystokinin (CCK)
Neuropeptide Y and Agouti-related peptide plus serotonin
other hormones - thyroid hormones, oxytocin, cortisol, insulin and glucagon
