Obesity, Diabetes, Nutrition Flashcards
What decade was the energy flipping point of push v pull effect?
1960s - correlates with more television and advertising
Life expectancy reduction in obese people
13-14 years
The only plausible explanation for the simultaneous global increase in obesity…..
Change in global food supply
What % of indigenous females are overweight or obese, and how does this compare to % overall?
~38% v 28%
4 factors of SES and obesity
- money for healthy food
- poorer neighbourhoods have mor car dependence, less recreation facilities, more fast food etc
- chronic stress
- food insecurity?
BMI classifications
Underweight < 18.5 Normal 18.5 - 24.9 Overweight > 30 Obesity 1 30 - 34.9 Obesity 2 35 - 39.9 Obesity 3 > 40
Limitations of Bmi (4)
- differences in fat distribution
- ethnic differences
- muscular builds
- gender
Waist circumferences, overweight and obese in men and women
Men: 94 and 102
Women: 80 and 88
Reduced energy diets
Decrease energy intake by 2000-4000kj/day
Low energy diet
Energy intake 4000-5000kj/day total
Very low energy diet
Energy intake 1700-3300kj/day total
Which has higher drop out: partial meal replacement or reduced energy diet?
Reduced energy diet
4 principles of diets
- reduce fat or carb
- portion control
- change frequency or restrict time of eating
- concentration of single food
Successful weight losers….(5)
- attend counselling sessions (ongoing support)
- eat breakfast every day
- weigh themselves weekly
- watch less than 10 hrs tv weekly
- exercise avg 1hr daily
- follow diets that are sustainable (weight loss easier than weight maintenance)
How many people diagnosed with diabetes in Aus, and how many of these are type 2
1 million
85%
How many undiagnosed in Aus.
For every 4 diagnosed, 1 undiagnosed
Nth leading cause of death in men? In women? (Australia)
8th
7th
Risk of atsi diabetes compared to non-Asti
Risk of atsi kidney failure due to diabetes compared to non-Asti
Cause of death % in Asti
3x
10x
8%
1st quintile ses and diabetes more or less likely than 5th
More likely
Of Australians with a disability –% have diabetes
11
Among people with lost site –% reported having diabetes
17
Global prevalence diabetes is –%, deaths of which –% are low to middle income countries
6.4
80
% with high cholesterol, men and women
Men: 51
Women: 48
What foods have saturated fats
Animal products like dairy and meat, Palm oil, margarine, coconut, deep fried take away foods
What foods have trans fats and why are they bad?
Beef, veal, lamb or artificially manufactured
Bad because they behave like saturated fats
WHO recommended daily intake of salt
Aus division “ without cv disease / with cv disease
<4
–% children stunted growth, –%malnourished
80 and 8
Recall the nutrition cycle, beginning with education
Education
Sustainable food supply/farming
Diet and food
Nutrition: ionise, vitamins and minerals
Good mental and physical health (&sanitation and hygiene)
Motivation
Education
What is the greatest region of child wasting from malnutrition
South Central Asia - 70%
3 big factors of maternal health for child nutrition
Iron and calcium and zinc
Vitamin a
Implications of low birth weight
Impairs immune system
Causes diabetes and heart disease in later life
Under nutrition in aboriginal australians
2-4x increase death 3.5x incense death in infants specifically Obesity men 1.6x more likely Obesity women 2.2x more likely Incidence of diabetes 2-3x
Cancer deaths attributable to inadequate f&v
11%
Vitamin a and d can be added to
Margarine, and d to milk
What can you add to flour and bread?
Ca2+, thiamin, niacin, iron
