Obesity and bariatric surgery Flashcards
BMI (+ calculation)
Body Mass Index
= weight (kg) / height (m)^2
Cause of obesity
Energy imbalance (energy input exceeds energy output) Mainly caused by (1) increase in intake of energ-dense foods and (2) increase in physical inactivity.
Obesity increases the risk of (which diseases)
Cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and cancer
Disadvantages of BMI
Cannot distinguish between fat mass and lean (muscle) mass.
Does not take fat distribution into account.
BMI cut-off value for overweight
BMI > 25
BMI cut-off value for obesity
BMI > 30
Method to assess body fat distribution (+ cut off values for obesity)
Waist-hip ratio
Men > 1.0 | Women > 0.9
Prevalence overweight and obesity
> 1.9 billion overweight, of which 650 million obese
How is obesity defined in children
< 5 years: weight-for-height (> 3 SD above is obesity)
5-19 years: BMI-for-age (> 2 SD above is obesity).
Double burden of nutrition
Low- and middle income countries deal with (problems related to) under- and overnutrition.
Why do obese individuals have a higher metabolic rate?
Obesity leads to increase in lean body mass -> higher BMR.
Criteria bariatric surgery
BMI > 40 or BMI > 35 with comorbidity
Between 18 and 65 years old
Diets or professional weight loss guidance was unsuccessful.
Motivated to lose weight after the surgery.
Nutrient deficiencies after bariatric surgery
Vitamin B12, folic acid, iron and vitamin D
Dumping
Symptoms caused by rapid passage of food into the small intestine.
Early: osmotic load draws fluid from the circulation, causing abdominal distension and reduction in blood volume.
Late: high glucose load causes high spike in insulin, which can cause hypoglycaemia.
Why is bariatric surgery also known as metabolic surgery?
Bariatric surgery improves blood glucose control, preventing metabolic syndrome (especially type 2 diabetes).
