Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

How do you calculate BMI

A

[Mass/kg] / [Height/m]^2

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2
Q

What are the limitations of measuring body fat percentage

A

difficult to obtain, ○ Physical location of stored fat is different between individuals (visceral/ peripheral)
○ Visceral fat carries high risk of comorbidity

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3
Q

Role of adipocytes

A

store fat and are the main components of adipose tissue

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4
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells that increases the amount of organic tissue

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5
Q

function of adipokine

A

central to the regulation of cellular signaling related to energy balance and behaviours related to eating

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6
Q

what are two main adipokine

A

leptin and ghrelin

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7
Q

function of leptin

A

work along gut-brain axis to regulate energy balance and satiety/hunger

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8
Q

what promotes leptin release

A

increasing adiposity

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9
Q

how do you show the importance of leptin via experiments

A
  • Mice with a defective or missing leptin gene became obese
    * Weight gain in leptin-deficient mice was suppressed if dosed with leptin
    * Humans with a defective or missing leptin gene became obese
    * Recombinant leptin administered to obese humans with the defective leptin gene is associated with substantial weight loss (of fat mass)
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10
Q

function of ghrelin

A

stimulates hunger and promotes formation of adipose fat

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11
Q

what promotes production of ghrelin

A

empty stomach

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12
Q

Where are ghrelin and leptin released

A

ghrelin released from stomach and leptin released by adipose tissue

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13
Q

What are the two sets of neurons in relation to appetite and metabolism

A

POMC.CART - suppresses appetite

NPY/AgRP - promotes appetite

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14
Q

What is the function of 2,4-dintrophenol (DNP)

A

to control weight. increase weight loss

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15
Q

Mechnism of DNP

A

uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, which acts as ionophore and enables equilibrium of H+ ions across the mitochondrial membrane to prevent sufficient gradient of H+ and prevent production of ATP

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16
Q

what are the limitations of DNP

A

thermogenesis - production of heat

from uncoupling of phosphorylation, lead to hyperthermic and death

17
Q

how are fats emulsified

A

by bile acids which are amphipathic and absorbed in GI, ○ Bile acids form micelles that solubilize otherwise insoluble lipids
- Allowing efficient action of lipase enzymes that are able to hydrolyze lipids in intestinal lumen

18
Q

Describe the emulsification process in detail

A
  1. Pancreatic Lipase secreted into the gut hydrolyze triacylglycerol’s (in intestinal lumen) into glycerol and fatty acids (LIPOLYSIS)
  2. Glycerol and FA cross plasma membrane (passive diffusion)-> absorbed from lumen into enterocytes that line the gut epithelium
    • TAGs cannot do so directly
  3. In enterocytes, glycerol and free FA used to resynthesize TAGs
  4. Combine with a apolipoproteins and packaged into micellar structures called chylomicrons
    • Act as vehicle for TAG, transported from intestinal mucosa to liver
19
Q

What can be used to reduce fat absorption from GI

A

lipase inhibitors such as orlistat

20
Q

Function of orlistat and action

A

it reduce calorific intake from foodstuff by causing malabsorption of lipids from GI tract
○ By inhibition of lipase enzymes metabolizing triglycerols

21
Q

Mechanism of orlistat

A

○ Formation of covalent bond with serine residues in the active site of gastric and pancreatic lipases
§ Prevent hydrolysis of TAG and reducing liberation of free FA and monoglycerols

22
Q

Why are orlistat named suicide inhibitors

A

§ A drug that covalently binds to a target and inactivates it. Also known as mechanism-based inhibitors
§ Drug is effectively used up in the reaction through irreversible covalent binding to target

23
Q

Why is the absorption of lipase inhibitor into the systemic circulation advantageous

A
  • The action of the drug is required in the GI tract, and therefore absorption would reduce the concentration at the required location.
    • If absorbed, the drug might act as an inhibitor for other enzymes that operate by the same mechanism (in this case serine hydrolases)
24
Q

what are anorectic agents

A
  • Substances that reduce appetite reducing consumption, caloric intake and lead to weight loss
25
Function of CB1 receptors
mediate the process where phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids increase appetite
26
Example of Cb1 inverse agonist
rimonabant
27
adverse effects of rimonabant
affects adenlyate cyclase activity that leads to depression effect