Obesity

Question 1

what is obesity

Answer 1

chronic imbalance of energy expenditure and energy intake resulting in fat accumulation in organs.

Question 2

Physiological consequences of obesity

Answer 2

pulmonary disease, stroke, pancreatitis, cancer, gout, gynelogical abnormalities, gall bladder disease.

Question 3

hormones involved in appetite regulation

Answer 3

ghrelin: stimulates G cells in stomach when hungry.
GIP, GLP-1
Insulin from B cells of pancreas
Leptin

Question 4

Obesity has ____ and ____ components

Answer 4

hedonic : pleasure seeking, addiction

Metabolic: maintain energy balance.

Question 5

management of obesity

Answer 5

diets, eating plans, physical activity, behavioural modification, drug theraphy, bariatric surgery (results in nutritional deficiency and lifelong multivitamin supplementation required)

Question 6

Phentermine

Answer 6

appetite suppressant.
sympathomimetic reducing hunger perception.
similar to amphetamine.
short term use
M.O.A: inhibit dopamine metabolism and its reuptake increasing the release of dopamine from nerve terminals. Increases NA and serotonin.
Adrenaline peripherally causes fat cells to break down stored fat.
A.E: due to catecholamine properties: tachycardia, high bp, tolerance, dependence/abuse, insomnia, anxiety

Question 7

Orlistat

Answer 7

not overally effective.
2-5kg weight loss after 1 year
Reduces glycated haemoglobin concentrations. reduces LDL-C, waist circumference and bp. Increases metabolism of glucose and cholesterol.
inhibits GI lipases preventing absorption of dietary fat.
A.E: increased fat in stool–> diarrhea, headache, fatigue, vitamin deficiency.

Question 8

Incretin hormones

Answer 8

Liraglutide: GLP-1 agonist
resistant to DPP4 inactivation, increase insulin secretion, suppress glucagon secretion, slow gastric emptying.
A.E: nausea, abdo pain, pancreatitis.