Obesity Flashcards
What is obesity?
A chronic disease that arises when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, resulting in an abnormally high proportion of fat in the body.
Obesity is a _____ disease.
Multifactorial
Obesity affects all ___ and ______ groups worldwide.
Obesity affects all age and socio-economic groups worldwide.
List 4 techniques for determining body fat and what they are
- Anthropometric measurements (measurement of the human individual) - height, weight, circumferences and diameters, skinfold thickness
- Isotope or chemical dilution - body water, body potassium
- Body density and body volume
- Imaging techniques - ultrasound, computed tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
The formula for BMI is:
BMI = weight (kg) / height² (m²)
Healthy weight BMI is:
18.5-24.9
Overweight BMI is:
25.29.9
Obese BMI is:
over 30
BMI ___ with age
increases
Apple shaped lower body indicates ____________
excess abdominal fat
____ fat when out of proportion to total body fat is an assessment of obesity.
Abdominal fat when out of proportion to total body fat is an assessment of obesity.
Individuals have a greater risk of developing obesity if their waist circumference exceeds ____ cm for women and ____ cm for men
88cm for women and 102cm for men
BMI + __ ________ is a better assessment of risk of obesity than BMI alone
BMI + waist circumference s a better assessment of risk of obesity than BMI alone
Carrying extra weight around the _____ increases health risks more than carrying extra weight around the ___ and _____.
Carrying extra weight around the middle increases health risks more than carrying extra weight around the hips and thighs.
The equation for the Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR) is:
WHR = waist circumference / hip circumference
Individuals are at risk of obesity if their WHR exceeds ____ for women and ____ for men.
0.8 for women, 0.9 for men
Obesity is not a single disorder. It is a heterogenous group of conditions with multiple causes - list all 5 types of causes and give an example for each
- Genetic component - over 200 genes have been associated with human obesity
- Environmental factors - lifestyle
- Psychological factors - boredom, sadness, anger
- Fetal programming - smojing, undernutrition, stress
- Other factors - illnesses such as hypothyroidism, depression, drugs such as steroids, antidepressents
What are 8 consequences of obesity?
- Type 2 diabetes due to insulin resistance - ~80% of obese people are diabetic
- Cardiovascular - heart disease, hypertension, stroke
- Cancer - breast, endometrial, prostate
- Sleep apnoea - fat in chest wall reduces lung volume
- Gallbladder disease and gallstones
- Osteoarthritis - possibly due to excess weight on hips and knees
- Reproductive problems
- Emotional problems
In New Zealand, ___% of Maori men and ___% of Maori women over 40 years are obese
In New Zealand, 55% of Maori men and 42% of Maori women over 40 years are obese
In 2014, more than ___ billion adults were overweight. Of these, ___ million were obese.
In 2014, more than 1.9 billion adults were overweight. Of these, 600 million were obese.
Numerous _____ and _____ have been identified that regulate appetite and body weight through central and peripheral mechanisms
Numerous hormones and neuropeptides have been identified that regulate appetite and body weight through central and peripheral mechanisms
A key element of energy homeostasis is the hormone, _____.
leptin
Name what leptin is produced from and what its function is
Leptin is produced from adipose tissue and communicates with the hypothalamus to regulate food intake and metabolism
What is the Lipostatic Theory (1953)?
The Lipostatic Theory (1953) suggested a circulating factor acts on the brain to inhibit food intake and adiposity.
Congenital leptin deficiency is:
A condition that causes severe obesity beginning in the first few months of life - affected individuals are constantly hungry and quickly gain weight. Affected individuals have undetectable plasma leptin and hyperphagia (increased food intake).
Gut peptides are ___ term appetite regulators.
short term
List three gut peptides and their function
Ghrelin - hunger hormone
Cholecystokinin (CKK) - satiety signal
PYY3-36 - satiety signal
Long term regulation of body weight and adiposity is controlled by ____ from ____ and ____ from the ____
Long term regulation of body weight and adiposity is controlled by leptin from adipose tissue and insulin from the pancreas
Hypothalamic leptin and insulin signals regulate peripheral functions largely through regulation of ____ and ____ neurons
Hypothalamic leptin and insulin signals regulate peripheral functions largely through regulation of POMC and AgRP neurons
Absence of the POMC gene results in ______
obesity
POMC knockout resulted in the symptoms of (2)
obesity and impaired pigmentation
_____ in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) regulates appetite
MC4R in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) regulates appetite
MC4R in the _______ regulates appetite
MC4R in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) regulates appetite
Mutations in ______ is the most common monogenetic cause of human obesity
MC4R
Obesity treatment depends on: (3)
- level of obesity
- overall health condition
- motivation to lose weight
Obesity treatment may include one of more of: (5)
- diet
- exercise
- behaviour modification
- surgery
- weight loss drugs
A sugerical treatment for obesity can be:
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery
