Obesity Flashcards
What is obesity?
Medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health
What measurement is used to consider if the person is obesity? What is the range? How is it further evaluated?
Consider the body mass index (BMI) - a measurement obtained by dividing a person’s weight by the square of the person’s height. BMI is closely related to both percentage body fat and total body fat.
Over 30 kg/m2, with the range 25–30 kg/m2 defined as overweight.
Further evaluated in terms of fat distribution via the waist–hip ratio and total cardiovascular risk factors.
What diseases, conditions and disorders does obesity increase the chance of?
Increases chances of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, osteoarthritis and depression.
A combination of medical disorders which includes: diabetes mellitus type 2, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and high triglyceride levels.[47]
What causes obesity?
Main causes: combination of excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility. A few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications, or mental disorder
Obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism. Is this statement supported generally?
No
On average, what do obese people have than their normal counterparts and why?
Obese people have a greater energy expenditure than their normal counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an increased body mass
How can obesity be prevented?
Can be prevented by combination of social changes and personal choices. Changes to diet and exercising are the main treatments. Diet quality improved by reducing consumption of energy-dense food high in fat and sugars, and by increasing the intake of dietary fiber. Medications may be used, along with a suitable diet, to reduce appetite or decrease fat absorption. If the above are not effective, a gastric balloon or surgery may be performed to reduce stomach volume or length of the intestines, leading to feeling full earlier or a reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food.
Who does obesity affect?
Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing rates in adults and children. In 2015, 600 million adults (12%) and 100 million children were obese. Obesity is more common in women than men.
In children, a healthy weight varies with age and sex. children who are obese are often tested for hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and fatty liver. Obesity in children and adolescents is defined not as an absolute number but in relation to a historical normal group, such that obesity is a BMI greater than the 95th percentile.
What was obesity in ancient times?
Seen as a symbol of wealth and fertility at other times in history and still is in some parts of the world
BMI Classification
BMI=M/H^2
BMI (kg/m2) Classification[18]
from up to
18.5 underweight
18.5 25.0 normal weight
25.0 30.0 overweight
30.0 35.0 class I obesity
35.0 40.0 class II obesity
40.0 class III obesity
Any BMI ≥ 35 or 40 kg/m2 is severe obesity.
A BMI of ≥ 35 kg/m2 and experiencing obesity-related health conditions or ≥40–44.9 kg/m2 is morbid obesity.
A BMI of ≥ 45 or 50 kg/m2 is super obesity.
Japan and China - BMI Scale
Japan- BMI greater than 25 kg/m2
China- BMI of greater than 28 kg/m2
Mortality risk BMI
Obesity reduces life expectancy by 6-7 years and BMI of 30–35 kg/m2 reduces life expectancy by two to four years,[36] while severe obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m2) reduces life expectancy by ten years.[36]leading preventable cause of death worldwide.
Non smokers BMI: 20–25 kg/m2
Smokers: 24–27 kg/m2
In Asians: between 22–25 kg/m2.
Women: BMI above 32 kg/m2 has been associated with a doubled mortality rate over a 16-year period.
Obesity and deaths in US and Europe
111909 to 365000 deaths per year-US I million(7.7%) deaths in Europe
Excess body fat cases in men and women (%)?
Excess body fat underlies 64% of cases of diabetes in men and 77% of cases in women
Complications
directly caused by obesity or indirectly related through a poor diet or a sedentary lifestyle. One of the strongest is the link with type 2 diabetes.
Health consequences and 2 categories
Those attributable to the effects of increased fat mass such as osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep apnea, social stigmatization
Those due to the increased number of fat cells diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
What does increases in body fat do?
Increases in body fat alter the body’s response to insulin, potentially leading to insulin resistance. Increased fat also creates a proinflammatory state, and a prothrombotic state.
Other causes of obesity
Other causes: increased reliance on cars, and mechanized manufacturing, insufficient sleep, endocrine disruptors (environmental pollutants that interfere with lipid metabolism), temperature, smoking(suppresses appetite), increased use of medications that can cause weight gain, proportional increases in ethnic and age groups that tend to be heavier, pregnancy at a later age (which may cause susceptibility to obesity in children), epigenetic risk factors passed on generationally, natural selection for higher BMI, assortative mating leading to increased concentration of obesity risk factors (this would increase the number of obese people by increasing population variance in weight)
Define polymorphisms
Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity when sufficient food energy is present.
People with gene have been have been found on average to weigh 3–4 kg more and have a 1.67-fold greater risk of obesity compared with those without the risk allele
People with two copies of the FTO gene (fat mass and obesity associated gene)
Syndromes related to obesity
Prader–Willi syndrome, Bardet–Biedl syndrome, Cohen syndrome, and MOMO syndrome. (The term “non-syndromic obesity” is sometimes used to exclude these conditions.)
Thrifty gene hypothesis
The thrifty gene hypothesis postulates that, due to dietary scarcity during human evolution, people are prone to obesity.
Medications that increase weight
Insulin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, atypical antipsychotics, antidepressants, steroids, certain anticonvulsants (phenytoin and valproate), pizotifen, and some forms of hormonal contraception
Obesity is not regarded as a psychiatric disorder, and therefore is not listed in the DSM-IVR as a psychiatric illness. True or false?
True .The risk of overweight and obesity is higher in patients with psychiatric disorders than those without them
