Obesity

Question 1

What is obesity?

Answer 1

Medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health

Question 2

What measurement is used to consider if the person is obesity? What is the range? How is it further evaluated?

Answer 2

Consider the body mass index (BMI) - a measurement obtained by dividing a person’s weight by the square of the person’s height. BMI is closely related to both percentage body fat and total body fat.
Over 30 kg/m2, with the range 25–30 kg/m2 defined as overweight.
Further evaluated in terms of fat distribution via the waist–hip ratio and total cardiovascular risk factors.

Question 3

What diseases, conditions and disorders does obesity increase the chance of?

Answer 3

Increases chances of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, osteoarthritis and depression.
A combination of medical disorders which includes: diabetes mellitus type 2, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and high triglyceride levels.[47]

Question 4

What causes obesity?

Answer 4

Main causes: combination of excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility. A few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications, or mental disorder

Question 5

Obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism. Is this statement supported generally?

Answer 5

No

Question 6

On average, what do obese people have than their normal counterparts and why?

Answer 6

Obese people have a greater energy expenditure than their normal counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an increased body mass

Question 7

How can obesity be prevented?

Answer 7

Can be prevented by combination of social changes and personal choices. Changes to diet and exercising are the main treatments. Diet quality improved by reducing consumption of energy-dense food high in fat and sugars, and by increasing the intake of dietary fiber. Medications may be used, along with a suitable diet, to reduce appetite or decrease fat absorption. If the above are not effective, a gastric balloon or surgery may be performed to reduce stomach volume or length of the intestines, leading to feeling full earlier or a reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food.

Question 8

Who does obesity affect?

Answer 8

Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing rates in adults and children. In 2015, 600 million adults (12%) and 100 million children were obese. Obesity is more common in women than men.
In children, a healthy weight varies with age and sex. children who are obese are often tested for hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and fatty liver. Obesity in children and adolescents is defined not as an absolute number but in relation to a historical normal group, such that obesity is a BMI greater than the 95th percentile.

Question 9

What was obesity in ancient times?

Answer 9

Seen as a symbol of wealth and fertility at other times in history and still is in some parts of the world

Question 10

BMI Classification

BMI=M/H^2

Answer 10

BMI (kg/m2) Classification[18]
from up to
18.5 underweight
18.5 25.0 normal weight
25.0 30.0 overweight
30.0 35.0 class I obesity
35.0 40.0 class II obesity
40.0 class III obesity
Any BMI ≥ 35 or 40 kg/m2 is severe obesity.
A BMI of ≥ 35 kg/m2 and experiencing obesity-related health conditions or ≥40–44.9 kg/m2 is morbid obesity.
A BMI of ≥ 45 or 50 kg/m2 is super obesity.

Question 11

Japan and China - BMI Scale

Answer 11

Japan- BMI greater than 25 kg/m2

China- BMI of greater than 28 kg/m2

Question 12

Mortality risk BMI

Answer 12

Obesity reduces life expectancy by 6-7 years and BMI of 30–35 kg/m2 reduces life expectancy by two to four years,[36] while severe obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m2) reduces life expectancy by ten years.[36]leading preventable cause of death worldwide.
Non smokers BMI: 20–25 kg/m2
Smokers: 24–27 kg/m2
In Asians: between 22–25 kg/m2.
Women: BMI above 32 kg/m2 has been associated with a doubled mortality rate over a 16-year period.

Question 13

Obesity and deaths in US and Europe

Answer 13

111909 to 365000 deaths per year-US
I million(7.7%) deaths in Europe

Question 14

Excess body fat cases in men and women (%)?

Answer 14

Excess body fat underlies 64% of cases of diabetes in men and 77% of cases in women

Question 15

Complications

Answer 15

directly caused by obesity or indirectly related through a poor diet or a sedentary lifestyle. One of the strongest is the link with type 2 diabetes.

Question 16

Health consequences and 2 categories

Answer 16

Those attributable to the effects of increased fat mass such as osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep apnea, social stigmatization
Those due to the increased number of fat cells diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Question 17

What does increases in body fat do?

Answer 17

Increases in body fat alter the body’s response to insulin, potentially leading to insulin resistance. Increased fat also creates a proinflammatory state, and a prothrombotic state.

Question 18

Other causes of obesity

Answer 18

Other causes: increased reliance on cars, and mechanized manufacturing, insufficient sleep, endocrine disruptors (environmental pollutants that interfere with lipid metabolism), temperature, smoking(suppresses appetite), increased use of medications that can cause weight gain, proportional increases in ethnic and age groups that tend to be heavier, pregnancy at a later age (which may cause susceptibility to obesity in children), epigenetic risk factors passed on generationally, natural selection for higher BMI, assortative mating leading to increased concentration of obesity risk factors (this would increase the number of obese people by increasing population variance in weight)

Question 19

Define polymorphisms

Answer 19

Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity when sufficient food energy is present.

Question 20

People with gene have been have been found on average to weigh 3–4 kg more and have a 1.67-fold greater risk of obesity compared with those without the risk allele

Answer 20

People with two copies of the FTO gene (fat mass and obesity associated gene)

Question 21

Syndromes related to obesity

Answer 21

Prader–Willi syndrome, Bardet–Biedl syndrome, Cohen syndrome, and MOMO syndrome. (The term “non-syndromic obesity” is sometimes used to exclude these conditions.)

Question 22

Thrifty gene hypothesis

Answer 22

The thrifty gene hypothesis postulates that, due to dietary scarcity during human evolution, people are prone to obesity.

Question 23

Medications that increase weight

Answer 23

Insulin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, atypical antipsychotics, antidepressants, steroids, certain anticonvulsants (phenytoin and valproate), pizotifen, and some forms of hormonal contraception

Question 24

Obesity is not regarded as a psychiatric disorder, and therefore is not listed in the DSM-IVR as a psychiatric illness. True or false?

Answer 24

True .The risk of overweight and obesity is higher in patients with psychiatric disorders than those without them

Question 25

Epidemiology
1997
2008
2014
risk in age

Answer 25

1997- WHO formally recognized obesity as a global epidemic.
2008- WHO estimates that at least 500 million adults (greater than 10%) are obese, with higher rates among women than men.
Adults affected in the US 2014: is about 38% overall (35% of males and 40% of females)
The rate of obesity also increases with age at least up to 50 or 60 years old