Obesity

Question 1

What causes obesity?

Answer 1

• an increased intake of energy-dense foods that are high in fat
• an increase in physical inactivity due to the increasingly sedentary nature of many forms of work, changing modes of transportation

Question 2

Describe the epidemiology of obesity

Answer 2

• Worldwide prevalence more than doubled between 1980 and 2014
• About 13% of the world’s adult population (11% of men and 15% of women) were obese in 2014
• Once considered a high-income country problem, it is now on the rise in low- and middle-income countries

Question 3

What are the consequences of raised BMI values?

Answer 3

• CVD
• Diabetes;
• Musculoskeletal disorders (especially osteoarthritis)
• Some cancers (endometrial, breast, and colon)

Question 4

What are some risks that obese children may face?

Answer 4

Breathing difficulties, increased risk of fractures, hypertension, early markers of CVD, insulin resistance and psychological effects.

Question 5

How does obesity affect your musculoskeletal system?

Answer 5

• adds stress to the joints,
• affects movement and gait
• increases foot pressure
• decreases strength
• increases the risk of osteoarthritis.

Question 6

What are the most common and widely accepted intervention for the treatment of obesity?

Answer 6

Behavioural change focused on dietary and activity habits toward weight reduction

Question 7

What type of drugs are used for the treatment of obesity?

Answer 7

Drugs that reduce fat absorption, suppress appetite, and stimulate the central nervous system

Question 8

Who are eligible for bariatric surgery?

Answer 8

People with BMI >40 or BMI between 35 and 40

Question 9

What type of protocols are recommended for exercise testing?

Answer 9

Low-level protocols

Question 10

What considerations must be taken when exercise testing?

Answer 10

Co-morbidities,
Orthopaedic limitations
Medications.

Question 11

Obese people have an increased risk of:

Answer 11

Orthopaedic injury, CVD and heat intolerance.

Question 12

What is the waist circumference criteria for “low risk” adults?

Answer 12

Female: 70-89cm
Males: 80-99cm

Question 13

What is the waist circumference criteria for “high risk” adults?

Answer 13

Female: 90-109cm
Males: 100-120cm

Question 14

What is the waist circumference criteria for “ very high risk” adults?

Answer 14

Female: >110cm
Males: >120cm

Question 15

What are the current aerobic recommendations for obese clients?

Answer 15

Aerobic

F: 5-7 days 
I: Moderate 40-60% VO2peak 
T: 150-250 mins/week 
T: Walking, cycling, non-weight bearing 
V:  1200 – 2000 kcal/week
P: Increase time to prevent weight gain and maintain weight loss to approximately 250-300 min/week or 50-60 minutes 5 days/week

Question 16

What are the current resistance recommendations for obese clients?

Answer 16

Resistance

F: 2-3 non consecutive days
I: 40-50% of 1RM
T: N/A
T: involving each major muscle group, multi- joint exercises
V: 10-15 reps - 1 set
P: Gradual progression of resistance, repetitions per set, and/or increase frequency

Question 17

What are the 4 main expected outcomes of training who is obese?

Answer 17

• Decreased fat mass, waist circumference, and increased lean body mass. Improvements in insulin sensitivity and fasting glucose measures.
• An improvement in CVD risk
• Decreased BP
• Decreased LDL-C increased HDL-C, decreased triglycerides and improved glucose tolerance.