Obesity Flashcards
Causes of metabolic syndrome
Abdominal fat
Insulin resistance
Physical inactivity
Difference between subcutaneous obesity and visceral obesity
Visceral fat will cause increased muscle fat, increased pericardial fat, and Increased liver fat and altered function.
- essentially you will have ectopic lipid overflow.
Subcutaneous fat is fine and won’t cause too many issues.
Characteristics of metabolic syndrome
- know all of the cut offs
Have to have 3 or more of the following:
Large waste circumference
- larger than 102 cm / 40 in for men
- larger than 88 cm / 35 in for women
High triglycerides
- above 150
High HDL - below 40 for men - below 50 for women High BP - above 135/85
High fasting glucose
- above 100
What are the classifications for various BMI ranges?
18-25 = healthy 25-30 = overweight 30-40 = obese 40+ = extremely obese
How much should you weigh?
Men. - 106 pounds for the first 5 feet and then an additional 6 pounds for every inch past that
Women. - 100 pounds for the first 5 feet and then an additional 5 pounds for every inch past that
What are some fad diets and what do they do?
Atkins, south beach - low carb, high protein and fat
Dr. Ornish’s diet - high carbs, low protein and fat
The Zoen Diet - carb restricted, high protein
WHat are some of the negatives of the Atkins or south beach diets?
- There are a number of micronutrient deficiencies associated with them
- lack of energy due to lack of carbs
- high in saturated fats
- low fiber
- ketogenesis
Benefits of the Atkins and South beach diets?
- Lack of hunger
- decrease in cholesterol
- Rapid weight loss
WHat are the metabolic effects of low carb Diets?
There is a reduction in circulating levels of insulin due to the low amount of glucose. There is also an increase in glucagon.
- these changes favor gluconeogenesis
- The rate of mobilization of FA from adipose tissue is accelerated and the liver converts Acetyl CoA into ketone bodies.
WHat is the deal with high carb diets?
- the high fiber and low fat combo will lower cholesterol and BP.
- Because of the lack of fat, essential fatty acid may be missing, which usually protect against heart disease
- it is also difficult to maintain long-term adherence
What a the Mediterranean diet?
Looks at the nutritional properties of whole foods and food patterns rather than macronutrients and micronutrients.
What are some major benefits of the Mediterranean diet?
- improved cognitive function
- prevention of breast cancer
- reduced incidence of cardiovascular risk
Medical nutrition therapy for diabetes
- you want a low glycemic index food so that there is a more gradual change in blood glucose as opposed to a spike and quick decline
- some studies recommend higher protein because it helps improve glycemic control. Most people say to keep protein at the same levels as normal population due to potential adverse affects on kidney
- limit alcohol use, only in moderation, and eat food with the alcohol
Medical nutrition therapy for dislipidemias
- Avoid saturated fats - a 1% increase in calories from saturated fats leads to a 2% increase in LDLs
- increase polyunsaturated fats (SMASH)
- increase monounsaturated fats (olive oil)
- soluble fiber
- weight loss, exercise, limit intake of sweets and meats
- have a little bit I of alcohol in moderation
- — increases HDL and decreases oxidation of LDLs
At what point do we treat people for hypertension?
Older than 60 - Systolic over 150 and diastolic over 90
Younger than 60 - systolic over 140 and diastolic over 90
