Life Cycle Nutrition Flashcards
What are some long term affects of a low birthweight baby?
Risk for obesity and hypertension later in life
Lower adult IQ
Short stature
Educational disadvantages
What are some egative affects of being overweight during pregnancy?
Baby - baby will be larger, more likely to have neural tube defects, and have a greater risk for heart defects
Mom - more likely to need labor induction, may need C-section, and more gestational diabetes
What are some effects of maternal malnutrition on offspring?
- nervous system defects of the child
- poor dental health of the child
- vulnerability to infection
- higher risk of diabetes, hypertension, stroke, or heart disease
What is the proposed hypothesis behind why malnutrition may influence child even in adulthood?
Epigenetics - change of gene expression.
How does nutrient absorption change during pregnancy?
The woman’s body maximizes absorption and minimizes losses in the GI tract during pregnancy
What diet changes should a pregnant woman make?
- More calories
- more carbs, fetus needs glucose for fetal brain
- more protein
- minimize unhealthy fats but ensure they get enough essential fatty acids.
- FOLATE and VITAMIN B12 are essential in cell reproduction. They prevent neural tube defects
- Vitamin D, calcium, phosphorous, Mg - bone health
- Fluoride
- Iron
- Zinc
Why are Vitamin B12 and Folate so important?
They have a role in cell reproduction. They prevent neural tube defects such as spina bifida, anencephaly etc.
WHat is iron important for in a pregnant mother?
Maternal red cell mass expands, which makes sense because now they have too make RBCs for both the of them. The fetus draws heavily on the mother stores.
- Vitamin C rich foods enhance absorption.
Why is Zinc necessary for a Pregnant mother??
Needed for DNA, RNA, and protein Synthesis.
- deficiency causes low birth weight
- found in foods with high protein content
- iron interferes with zinc absorption
What are some common nutrition related problems during pregnancy?
- morning sickness - comes from hormonal changes during pregnancy
- heartburn - fetus putting pressure on stomach
- constipation
- gestational diabetes
- hypertension - pre-existing hypertension causes risk of low-birthweight infant and placenta previa
Preeclampsia
Symptoms: Hypertension, protein in urine, edema.
- usually occurs during the first pregnancy
- usually occurs after week 20
- may experience convulsion - eclampsia
Fetal alcohol syndrome
- irreversible brain damage
- mental retardation
- facial abnormalities
- vision abnormalities
What are the recommendations for breast feeding?
- exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months
- breastfeeding with complementary foods through 12 months.
What does breast milk have in it?
Carbs Lipids - essential fatty acids Protein Vitamin and minerals Low in sodium Iron and ZInc
What are some benefits of breast milk?
- immunological protection
- – colostrum (pre milk substance), maternal immune factors, and enzymes that offer protection
- infants have less stomach and intestinal disorders, middle ear infections, respiratory illness
- may protect against adult obesity, CV disease, and may have a positive effect on intelligence
What are the differences Between breast milk and formula?
Formula is similar to breast milk but it does not offer any immunity. They are iron fortified. There is risk of over-dilution and contamination.
Nursing bottle tooth decay
Results from putting infant to bed with a bottle. It can cause dental cavities and abnormal position of incisors.
Transition to cows milk
- not appropriate until after year 1
- 1-2 years need whole milk
- 2-5 years can transition to low fat milk
- – the issue is that cows milk is a poor source of iron. It is higher in Vitamin C but Lower in Vitamin C, which inhibits iron absorption.
Milestones for being able to swallow foods?
4-6 Months - swallowing reflex is developed and first foods can be introduced
8-12 months - can sit with support, control head movements, and handle finger foods. This is when they begin to teethe. Hard crackers can be introduced.
How should you introduce allergy causing foods/
One at a time
Start with rice cereal before wheat
How much protein should a toddler have?
1.1 g per kilogram of body weight
How much Vitamin D should a toddler consume?
10 micrograms (400 IU)
How much calcium should a toddler consume?
500 milligrams
Food jags
Tendency to eat Only a Small selection of food
Does sugar cause ADHD?
No - although high sugar intake has been proposed to cause hyperactive behavior.
The role of breakfast
Eating breakfast is associated with healthy weight among children and adolescents.
- may benefit: cognitive unction, academic performance, psychosocial function, mood
Marasmus
Inadequate calories and nutrients.
- loss of muscle mass and subcutaneous far
- chronic diarrhea
- dry skin, hair is thin
- at risk for infections and impaired growth
Kwashiorkor
Results from inadequate protein intake
- edema due to hypoalbuminemia
What is a normal weight gain during pregnancy
3.5 pounds in the first trimester
1 pound per week thereafter
How much weight should a woman gain during pregnancy?
3.5 lbs during first trimester
1 lb per week thereafter
Why is it important to have pre pregnancy nutrition?
To support growth of a healthy placenta
Risk factors during pregnancy
Adolescent pregnancy Multiple pregnancies under 20 Short time between pregnancies Financially disadvantaged Food fads Smoking drugs alcohol Weight can be hi or low Low level of Ed
What is the deal with smoking in pregnant women?
Nicotine and cyanide are poisonous to the fetus.
Will cause low birthweight because fetal growth is slowed and blood flow is restricted.
Behavioral and intellectual problems later in life
SIDS
What are some things to avoid during pregnancy?
At sort of drugs including OTC, herbals, or any meds not prescribed - includes aspirin or ibuprofen in last 3 months. Illicit drugs Environmental contaminants Food borne illnesses Overdosing on vitamins Dieting Sugar substitutes Caffeine
How much caffeine should you drink as a pregnant woman?
One cup of coffee or 2 12 oz cans of soda
Lactating womans nutrient needs
- 13 glasses of water per day
- loss of 1 pound per week
- extra 330 calories per day
- supplements due to loss of minerals and vitamins from the milk
Malnutrition and lead toxicity
Low intakes of Calcium, zinc, C, D, and iron are associated with increased risk of lead toxicity.
How do you detect food allergies?
Test for antibodies
Difference between allergy and intolerance?
In an intolerance your body won’t produce antibodies.
BMI percentiles
Above 85th is overweight
Above 95th is obese
Above 99th is severe obesity
How much calcium should an adolescent get?
1,300 mg
How much iron should an adolescent get?
15 mg for females
11 mg for males
Key recommendations for all Americans
Less than 10% of calories should come from added sugars
Less than 10% of calories from saturated fats
Less than 2300 mg sodium
Alcohol in moderation
What are some physiological changes in the Elderly
Body weight Immune system doesn't function as well Difficulty chewing GI and oral changes Thirst increases (drink 6 glasses of water per day) Depression Economic changes Social changes
