Obesity Flashcards
What are the equations for BMI?
=(weight in kg)/(height in m)^2
=703(weight in lb)/(height in in)^2
What is the range of healthy BMI?
18.5-25
What is the overweight BMI range?
25-29.5
What is the cutoff of obesity BMI?
> /= 30
What is the cutoff of extremely obese BMIs?
> 40
What kind of fat has a higher health risk? Why?
Excess abdominal fat- metabolically more active
A waist circumfrence of >35” in females and > 40” in men can be an indicator of increased risk for what condition?
Coronary heart disease
Where are substances from abdominal fat released? Where is their first stop?
Portal vein–> liver
Where does gluteal fat release substances into?
General circulation
What is ectopic fat?
Excess adipose tissue in locations not classically associated with adipose tissue storage e.g., abdominal region, the liver, cardiac muscle, pancreas, etc.
What is the Set Point Theory of Body Weight Regulation? What is the problem with this?
Body weight tends to vary by 10% around a set point. Doesn’t explain obesity
What is the settling point of body weight regulation?
It says that as the environment changes, so will the set point and in this context, body weight it stable as long as behavioral and environmental factors that influence energy balance are constant
What physical la ultimately determines weight?
First law of thermodynamics: if energy in is greater than energy out, you gain weight
What is energy balance?
Energy intake- Energy expenditure
What neural structure receives afferent signals that influence appetite and energy consumption?
Hypothalamus
What is the general term for hormones secreted by adipocytes?
Adipokinins
What is the product of the Ob gene?
Leptin
What is leptin secretion proportional to?
Fat mass
What is the function of leptin?
Acts as signal of fat storage level; acts on hypothalamus to control appetite and energy expenditure
In most obese humans, what are the levels of leptin?
Elevated levels of leptin, but normal with regard to the mass of adipose
What is the function of adiponectin?
Positively affects glucose and fatty acid disposal; increases glucose sensitivity
What gene has been found to be consistently associated with obesity in many, but not all, human populations? What kind of protein is produced?
Fat Mass- and Obesity- Associated (FTO) Gene; an mRNA demethylase
What is the only hormone known to increase appetite?
Ghrelin
What is the effect of insulin on appetite?
Promotes decreased appetite
