Obesity

Question 1

How is obesity measured in children

Answer 1

Age
BMI

Question 2

how is obesity measured with growth curves

Answer 2

BMI percentiles for age and sex
85th-96th = overweigth
97th+ = obesity

Question 3

world wide children and adolescents % of obesity

Answer 3

31.5%
80% that have it continue to have it in adulthood

Question 4

obesity factors

Answer 4

• weight-related issue
  obesity, physical inactivity, eating disorder
• idv characteristic
  PA attitude, emotional
• familial influences
  parental support, family meals
• peer influences
  peer support, weight teasing
• scholl & other institutional factors
  school health facilities, educational programs
• community factors
  youth dev programs, parks
• societal factors
  weight discrimination, norms, policies, media

Question 5

causes of childhood obesity - problematic social trends

Answer 5

• inc use of motorized transport
• dec opportunities fro rec PA
• inc sedentary recreation
• 24/7 TV
• inc quantity and variety of energy-dense foods available
• inc promotion and marketing of energy-dense foods
• inc frequency and opportunities to purchase food
• inc use of restaurant and fast food
• larger portions
• inc number eating occasions
• water being replaced

Question 6

causes of childhood obesity

Answer 6

sleep debt
endocrine disruption
dec. variability of ambient temperature
smoking
pharmaceuticals
age and ethnic groups
inc. maternal age
intra-uterine and intergenerational effects
genetic predisposition
assortative mating

Question 7

critical periods

Answer 7

dev. stage where physiological alterations inc. risk of obesity:
1. prenatal
2. adiposity rebound
5.5 yo or earlier is associated with inc. risk of adult obesity
3. adolescence

Question 8

pregnant and obese

Answer 8

• larger babies (track into adulthood)
• excessive gestational weight = inc maternal postpartum weight retention
• maternal and fetal health compromised
  mom inc risk diabetes, T2D, CVD
  baby inc risk obesity & CVD

Question 9

obesity causes in the family

Answer 9

• significant driver of childhood overweight/obese (genetic, social factors)
• parental obesity
• family meals
• family PA patterns
• family lifestyle

Question 10

obesity causes at school

Answer 10

PE
food environments
school lunch programs
weight based teasing

Question 11

adolescents - increasing risk of obesity

Answer 11

• change in diet and behaviour
• puberty
• change in quantity and distribution of fat
• decrease in PA
• decrease fitness

Question 12

weight based teasing

Answer 12

children as young as 3-5 yo
adults describe employment discrimination as the most frequent source of weight bias

Question 13

excess SSBs associated with

Answer 13

inc. energy intake
high in fructose corn syrup, inc. lipogenesis, inhibit satiety signals, reduce EE
inc. risk of weight gain

Question 14

food marketing

Answer 14

negative attitudes affects food-related preferences
poor eating habits
in all social media

Question 15

food environments

Answer 15

healthy eating is more than an individuals choice
health choice is not often the easy choice

Question 16

gut microbiota is involved in

Answer 16

control of body weight, energy homeostasis and inflammation

Question 17

long term complications

Answer 17

• 20% of children with obesity: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
• 50% in youth with severe obesity: Metabolic Syndrome
  ● 12 – 17% of children with obesity: Dyslipidemia
  ● 3.26X Relative Risk: Hypertension
  ● 52% of children with obesity: Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  ● Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, Infertility
  ● Malignancies: Uterine, colon, breast

Question 18

quality of life

Answer 18

• Often experience depression, low self esteem
• Health related quality of life scores similar to kids undergoing chemotherapy

Question 19

starting in childhood

Answer 19

• Excessive fat tissue expansion (obesity) -> stress response -> inflammation
• Chronic elevated systemic inflammation link to T2D and CVD
• 2-5 y/o children living with obesity have greater systemic inflammation than healthy weight children