Obesity

Question 1

what is inflammation ?

Answer 1

a physiological response to restore homeostasis and repair tissue altered by some harm

Question 2

what are the two types of inflammation? name some examples and what occurs

Answer 2

acute inflammation - short lasting
- e.g. sore throat, burn, bites
- influx of proteins, fluid and cells from local blood vessels to the damaged area to mediate local defences

chronic inflammation - long lasting
- e.g. crohns
- established/extensive inflammatory response

Question 3

why is obesity a problem for inflammation?

Answer 3

in over-weight and obese people there is a low grade chronic inflammation

Question 4

what is obesity described as?

Answer 4

BMI >30

Question 5

are genetics important for obesity?

Answer 5

associated with 2% of cases mainly caused by gene/environmental interactions

Question 6

why is obesity a problem?

Answer 6

as there is a great increase in the amount of people that are obese in both the young and old

Question 7

what is epigenetic?

Answer 7

gene-environment interactions lead to heritable changes in gene expression via DNA modifications

Question 8

why was the Dutch ‘hunter winter’ babies study important?

Answer 8

as it allowed us to associate that the lack of nutrition in mothers that are pregnant will increase the chances of the offspring in having metabolic diseases

Question 9

how is mRNA transcription effected ?

Answer 9

thru epigenetic using DNA modifications

e.g. DNA methylation/acetylation or histone marks

Question 10

why is obesity also known as ‘metabolic syndrome’?

Answer 10

as its associated with multiple chronic diseases

e.g. hypertension, LDL, insulin resistance, stroke, atherosclerosis

Question 11

how does overeating affect inflammatory responses?

Answer 11

hyperplasia of adipose
increasing the immune cell infiltration (proinflammatory response) = changing adipose tissue phenotype and secretion of cytokines

Question 12

how can obesity be linked to inflammatory responses? (physiologically)

Answer 12

obesity increases the amount of adipose tissue within the body which is used in inflammatory responses by the secretion of cytokines/adipokines

Question 13

what do cytokines/adipokines do?

Answer 13

accumulate m1 and m2 macrophages

Question 14

what is WHR?

Answer 14

WAIST TO HIP RATIO

Question 15

what does a WHR ≥ 1 mean?

Answer 15

risk of heart disease due to obesity

Question 16

what is at risk of those with people undergoing joint surgery?

Answer 16

that they may be obese

Question 17

what happens to adiponectin and leptin in obese patients?

Answer 17

decrease adiponectin and increase leptin

Question 18

what does adiponectin regulate?

Answer 18

regulates glucose levels and fatty acid breakdown

Question 19

what does leptin regulate?

Answer 19

regulate food intake

Question 20

what’s the risk factors associated with a high waist circumference measurement?

Answer 20

CV risk factors - high HCL cholesterol levels and elevated triglycerides

Type 2 diabetes - elevated fasting glucose levels

Question 21

what happens to the adipokinee with a high BMI ?

Answer 21

Question 22

what’s the function of the following

Answer 22