Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HDT 3.1 > Inflammation regulation > Flashcards

Inflammation regulation Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main structure and molecules used in the mitochondria?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is mtDNA?

A

mitochondrial DNA; circular double strand
37 genes

limited repair potential and highly prone to damage (oxidation stress) and mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how does the mitochondria undergo quality control?

A
  1. mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission)
  2. mitochondrial biogenesis
  3. mitophagy (destroyed)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is fission/fusion mechanism of mitochondria?

A

fission: mitochondria division
fusion: mitochondria seperation

different molecules involved-
fission: DRP1
fusion: MFN1, MFN2, OPA1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the fission/fusion mechanism in relation to OXPHOS?

A

fission - less efficient for OXPHOS (mitochondria stress)
fusion - more efficient for OXPHOS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does mitochondrial oxidation lead to?

A

cell stress and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is mitochondrial biogenesis?

A

generation of mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is mitophagy?

A

removal of mitochondria by lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the mechanism of mitochondria biogenesis?

A
  1. PCG-1a regulates mitochondria biogenesis
  2. regulates the nuclear expression of TFAM
  3. signals mtDNA transcription/replication
  4. allowing mitochondria replication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the mechanism of mitophagy?

A
  1. primarily initated by dsyfunctioned mitochondria
  2. stabilisation of pink1 at the OMM and activation of Parkin
  3. mitochondria primed for degradation through autophagy
  4. mitochondria degradation in the lysosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why is biogenesis and mitophagy essential?

A

essential for…
1.mitochondria self repair to replace unhealthy mitochondria
2. mitochondrial mass to cope with increase/decrease cellular demands (cellular homesostasis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how is the regulation of cellular biogenergics and metabolism maintained?

A
  1. production of ATP via OXPHOS
  2. regulation of central metabolic pathways
  3. mitochondrial mass adjusted to satisfy energy demands
  4. influenced by mitochondrial dynamics (fusion/fission)

fusion: supports OXPHOS
fission: linked with glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is produced during OXPOS?

A

reactive oxygen species (ROS)
superoxide (o2-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

when is ROS produced?

A

superoxide (o2-) released in damaged mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are mitochondria antioxidants?

A

used to scavenge ROS to stop cell signalling
Manganese Superoxide dismutase (MnSOD ) Thioredoxin 2 (Trx2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why are Balanced mitochondrial Redox key for cell signalling?

A

Posttranslational modifications of proteins
Action on signal transduction

17
Q

what is senescence?

A

cellular ageing - end to cell proliferation

18
Q

what causes senescence?

A

stress
oncogene activation
telomere shortening (ageing)

19
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria?

A
  1. Regulation of cellular bioenergetics and metabolism
  2. Control of cell death
  3. Generation of Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
  4. Cell differentiation/reprogramming
  5. Cellular ageing (senescence)

Other key functions:
6. Calcium Transport
7. Steroid synthesis
8. Hormonal signalling

20
Q

what is the main role of mitochondria in inflammation?

A

A. Polarization/reprogramming of immune cells
B. Antiviral responses
C. Immune responses to DAMPs

21
Q

what cells are involved in mitochondria inflammation?

A
  1. macrophages
  2. damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
22
Q

what type of cytokines do macrophages produce?

A
  1. pro-inflammatory M1
    -iNOS
    -IL-1b
    -TNF-a
  2. tissue repair/angiogenesis M2
    -IL10
    -TGF-b
    -ECM deposition
23
Q

how are pro-inflammatory cytokines expressed?

A

Characterized by mitochondrial fission - M1 macrophages

  1. Glucose utilized for aerobic glycolysis
  2. Broken Krebs cycle
  3. High levels of succinate and mtROS
  4. Stabilization of HIF-1α
    = Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines
24
Q

how are tissue repair/angiogenesis cytokines expressed?

A

Characterized by mitochondrial fusion - M2 macrophages

  1. OXPHOS (more efficient in E production)
  2. Intact Krebs cycle
25
Q

how is Mitochondria key for macrophage polarization?

A

Blocking mitophagy during M1 polarization = inc Mitochondria mass = reduced expression of pro inflammatory cytokines

26
Q

what is Mitochondrial antiviral signalling protein (MAVS)?

A

Viral dsRNA is recognized by RIG-I =
Assembly of MAVS at the outer mitochondrial membrane =
Antiviral Interferon-I responses =
“Interferes” with viral replication in non-infected neighbour cells:
1. Inhibition of RNA translation
2. Degradation of RNAs
3. Inhibition of viral assembly

27
Q

what do Mitochondrial antiviral signalling protein (MAVS) do?

A
  1. Inhibition of RNA translation
  2. Degradation of RNAs
  3. Inhibition of viral assembly
28
Q

what can induce Mitochondrial fission? what does this cause?

A

Hepatitis (HBV and HCB)
human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3)
Coxsackie B virus (CVB)

causes mitophagy

29
Q

what disrupts MAVS signals?

A

SARS-Cov1
Dengue

30
Q

how does SARS-Cov1 affect the mitochondria?

A

Target the mitochondria = disrupt MAVS using Orf9b = trigger degradation
= promote mitochondrial fusin

31
Q

what do mitoDAMPs do?

A

Recognise signalling molecules inside the cell that indicate range
= trigger innate immune response
- macrophages
- neutrophils

32
Q

how do mitoDAMPs lead to distal organ inflammation?

A

activates TLR9 receptors which is an extracellular signal for neutrophil activation =adhesion of mtDNA leading to distal organ inflammation

33
Q

what did COVID-19 pts experience with mitoDAMPs?

A

high circulatory levels of mtDNA = distal organ inflammation

predicted risks:
1. mortality
2. intensive care (ICU)
3. intubation
4. fatal organ dysfunction
5. traumatic brain injury
6. acute ischemic stroke
7. cancer
8. diabes
9. ageing
10. acute liver failure

34
Q

what are risks of aggregated mtDNA?

A
  1. traumatic brain injury
  2. acute ischemic stroke
  3. acute liver failure
  4. cancer
  5. diabes
  6. ageing
35
Q

how do mitoDAMPs signal?

A

extracellular - neutrophil activation by TLR9
intracellular - release of pro-inflammatory IL-1B and IL-18

36
Q

what does the release of pro-inflammatory IL-1B and IL-18 cause?

A
  1. diabetes
  2. ageing
  3. neurodegenerative processes

HDT 3.1 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions