Obedience

Question 1

Was Milgram’s study generalizable?

Answer 1

Sample was all American men aged 20-50- stereotypical
Volunteer sample- extrovert personality

Question 2

Reliability of Milgram?

Answer 2

Each voltage was labeled in order with the same instructions and prompts.
Pre-recorded screams and silence from 300V

Question 3

Application of Milgram?

Answer 3

War/ nazi Germany
Genocide

Question 4

Validity of Milgram?

Answer 4

The task was irregular as people would not do this in everyday life- artificial

Question 5

Ethicality of Milgram?

Answer 5

Ppt distress/ not protected/ opportunity to withdraw was ignored/ lack of informed consent/ deception
84% said they were happy- 1 year debrief

Question 6

What was milgram’s aim?

Answer 6

To see whether people would obey and inflict harm on others using electric shock, by following orders from an authority figure

Question 7

Procedure of Milgram

Answer 7

. A volunteer sample placed in an advert offering a $4 reward with travel expenses
. 40 male ppts- introduced to a confederate
. Draw was rigged so ppts were allocate role of teacher
. Given a test shock of 45V
. Shock generator was marked in 15V stages - 450v with comments of ‘slight shock’ and ‘danger’
.ppts asked to read word pairs and the learner had 4 options to choose from- if these were wrong then the teacher would shock them
. At 150V the teacher heard a recording saying ‘ouch’
.at 300V learner went silent and teacher was told to treat as a wrong answer

Question 8

What happened if the ppt asked to stop?

Answer 8

Prompted to ‘please continue’- experiment stopped after reaching 450V or asking 5 times

Question 9

Findings of milgrams 1963 experiment?

Answer 9

65% of ppts gave shocks to 450V- 100% gave shocks to 300V

Question 10

Conclusion of Milgram’s 1963 experiment

Answer 10

People will obey an authority figure even when this cause harm to another individual

Question 11

What was variation 7 and the obedience rate?

Answer 11

Learner received orders over the telephone (22.5%)

Question 12

What was variation 10 and the obedience rate?

Answer 12

Experiment carried out in downtown office, Bridgeport (48%)

Question 13

What was variation 13 and what was the obedience rate?

Answer 13

Experimenter left the room and non-uniformed man took over (20%)

Question 14

What was the aim of milgram’s variation 7?

Answer 14

To see if the experimenter in the room affected the level of obedience- instructors given over the phone to test immediacy

Question 15

Procedure of variation 7

Answer 15

The experimenter gave the instructions at the start, in the same room. Then left the room and communicated over the phone

Question 16

Results of Milgram’s variation 7

Answer 16

Obedience rate dropped to 22.5- ppts lied to experimenter about increasing the voltage

Question 17

Conclusion of variation 7

Answer 17

Physical presence is an important factor

Question 18

Aim of variation 10

Answer 18

To see if the outcome was the same if it took place in a less prestigious venue

Question 19

Procedure of variation 10

Answer 19

Same procedure as the original but given $4.50

Question 20

Results of variation 10

Answer 20

47.5%

Question 21

Conclusion of variation 10

Answer 21

The drop in obedience wasn’t significant

Question 22

Aim of variation 13

Answer 22

To see whether an order given by someone without authority is followed

Question 23

Procedure of variation 13

Answer 23

Experimenter gives instructions about the shocks but then leaves the room someone who is also believed to be a ppt gives the instructions

Question 24

Results of variation 13

Answer 24

Creates an awkward atmosphere which undermines the credibility- only 20% went to maximum shock level

Question 25

Conclusion of variation 13

Answer 25

Obedience dropped significantly when the authority figure left the room

Question 26

Agentic state?

Answer 26

More likely to be obedient

Question 27

What is the shift between autonomous and agentic state called?

Answer 27

Agentic shift

Question 28

What is the autonomous state?

Answer 28

A mindset where we behave independently

Question 29

What is the agentic state?

Answer 29

A mindset where we follow orders from an authority figure

Question 30

Moral strain?

Answer 30

An order that goes against our conscience

Question 31

What are binding factors

Answer 31

When the individual is able to take away their moral strain and ignore their damaging behavior

Question 32

What is the key question of social psychology?

Answer 32

Is obedience situational or dispositional?

Question 33

What is the locus of control theory?

Answer 33

An individual’s perception about the underlying main causes of events in their life

Question 34

Who developed the idea of the locus of control?

Answer 34

Julian rotter in the 1950s

Question 35

What do internal locus of control individuals believe?

Answer 35

They deserve what they get and they decide their fate

Question 36

What does external locus mean?

Answer 36

They believe their fate is predetermined and that they never get what they deserve

Question 37

Difference between internals and externals?

Answer 37

Internals are less likely to conform as they accept responsibility where as externals believe their life is guided by others so are more likely to conform

Question 38

What did Oliner and Oliner (1998)

Answer 38

Those who had resisted orders were more likely to have a internal locus in comparison to the 126 who obeyed

Question 39

What is the contemporary study and when was it done?

Answer 39

Burger (2009)

Question 40

What was the aim of burgers experiment?

Answer 40

To investigate obedience by partially replicating Milgram’s experiment- to investigate obedience to authority and whether rates had changed within 45 years

Question 41

What additional aims did burger look into?

Answer 41

If individuals personalities make a difference and whether another disobedient model makes any impact

Question 42

What was the procedure of burger’s study?

Answer 42

. Ppts respond to an advert placed in newspapers and online and selected a random . Given $50 to take part . Each ppt took place in screening with psychological tests and to see whether they had studied psychology or not . After screening there were 70 ppts left- 29 males and 41 females (20-81 years)

Question 43

What took place in burger’s experiments?

Answer 43

Baseline- followed Milgram’s study but learner protests at 75V Modeled refusal- procedure was the same but this time there were two teachers- confederate refusal at 75V

Question 44

Results of burger?

Answer 44

Experiment 1 - 70% went to 150V Experiment 2 - 63% went to 150V - found little differences empathy and control scores and men and women

Question 45

Conclusions of burger?

Answer 45

The results were close to Migram’s. Time, changes in culture and modeled refusal had very little impact

Question 46

Generalizability of burger

Answer 46

Ppts were selected at random however those not fit for the test were not allowed to continue. Men and women ppts with large age range of 20-81

Question 47

Relablility of burger?

Answer 47

Followed the same procedure as Milgram but made it more ethical and it was done by a graduating psychologist rather than a biology teacher

Question 48

Application of burger

Answer 48

Can be applied to school settings and war

Question 49

Validity of burger

Answer 49

Ppt was unable to see what was actually going on- deception

Question 50

Ethicality of burger

Answer 50

Screening process, 3 sets of prompts given, debrief and only went up to 150V with a 15V starter shock

Question 51

What influence does culture have over obedience?

Answer 51

Individualistic cultures tend to value independence where as collectivist cultures put the group first