OB Exam 52&53 Flashcards
Complications due to a woman being diabetic:
Macrosomia, Caudal regression syndrome, neural tube defect’s, anencephaly, transposition of the great vessels, pyelonephritis…
Know what day division occurs for each type of twin
Di/di: 0-4
Mono/di: 4-8
Mono/mono: after 8 days
Conjoined: 13
Preeclampsia and eclampsia
Preeclampsia as a pregnancy condition in which hypertension develops with proteinuria and edema.
Eclampsia is the occurrence of seizures or coma in a preeclamptic patient
What can immune hydrops lead to?
Congestive heart failure and anasarca.
What sonographic findings indicate hydrops
Scalp edema, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, ascites, polyhydramnios, thickened placenta
Heart rate of 200 to 240 bpm
What is the most common cause of nonimmune hydrops
Cardiovascular lesions
What does the placenta look like for a hypertensive pregnancy? diabetic pregnancy?
Hypertensive pregnancies are associated with small placentas while diabetic mothers may have placentomegaly.
Difference between dichorionic, diamniotic, etc.
Dizygotic twins are fraternal and arise from two separately fertilized ova
Monozygotic twins are identical and come from a single fertilized egg that divides
Di/di has two placentas
Mono/di: 1 placenta but 2 amniotic sac’s
Mono/mono: share placenta and sacs; at high-risk
What confirms the presence of a diamniotic pregnancy?
A membrane separating the fetuses. A male and female fetus are going to be dizygotic, diamniotic, and dichorionic.
What abnormalities are possible in a maternal obese patient?
Neural tube defect’s, pregnancy induced hypertension, severe eclampsia, multiple births, UTI
What is caudal regression syndrome?
Lack of development of the caudal spine and cord found almost exclusively and diabetic individuals
Poly/oli (stuck twin syndrome)
Diamnionic pregnancy with poly in 1 sac and severe oligohydramnios and a smaller twin in the other sac. Manifests between 16 and 26 weeks. Mostly occurs in monochorionic pregnancies. Twin to twin transfusion syndrome can occur with this.
Acardiac twin
Where cardiac anomaly in monochorionic twins when one twin develops without a heart and often without the upper half of the body. Possibly due to artery to artery connection in the placenta that leads to perfusion of the abnormal twin via the co twin.
What week range does stuck twin syndrome occur
16 to 26 weeks
Twin to twin syndrome
Exist when there is an arteriovenous shunt within the placenta. The arterial blood of one twin is pumped into the venous system of the other twin. The donor twin becomes anemic and growth restricted with less blood flow through it’s kidneys and develops oligohydramnios. The recipient twin gets too much blood flow and has polyhydramnios. Can go into heart failure and become hydropic. Both fetuses are at risk of dying
Predictors for discordant growth
Difference in estimated fetal weight of more than 20%, difference in BPD of 6 mm, difference in AC of 20 mm, and difference in femur length of 5 mm