Breast/prostate Flashcards
Normal size of prostate?
2 x 4 x 3
Common abnormality that occurs in regards to prostate
BPH
What is the lab value that indicates a malignant process
PSA
When a prostate biopsy is done what area might a malignancy occur in?
Peripheral zone
What might we see in the superficial areas of the breast (peripheral area)?
Sebaceous or epidermal cyst
In what area of the breast do we see lumpy,bumpy tissue?
Subcutaneous
What is the functional portion of the breast and how many lobes are located in that area?
Mammary/glandular layer includes the functional portion of the breast and surrounding supportive tissue. Made of 15 to 20 lobes containing milk producing glands and ductal system
Cooper’s ligament is the skeletal structure…
Responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the breast. Connective tissue septa within the breasts form this fibrous skeleton. Sonographic characteristics: echogenic and disbursed in a linear pattern. Best identified when the beam strikes the ligaments at a perpendicular angle
As a woman ages glandular breast tissue is replaced by what kind of tissue
Fatty tissue
Define Cooper’s ligament
Connective tissue septa that connect perpendicular to the breast lobules and extend out to the skin. Considered the fibrous skeleton supporting the breast glandular tissue
What is the echogenicity of the retromammary layer?
Similar in echogenicity and echotexture to the subcutaneous layer although the boundary echoes resemble skin reflections
hypoechoic
Sonographic artifacts that help us determine cystic or solid:
Cysts: anechoic, smooth margins, capsule, posterior enhancement, rounded or oval, mobile and compressible, can be multilocular within septations if it’s a complex cyst
Solid: Wall irregularity, nodularity or septations, shadowing, nonuniform internal echoes, thick proteinaceous fluid, non-mobile, non-compressible
Lumpy bumpy painful tender breasts that are cyclic and make it hard to identify structures in mammography is termed?
Fibrocystic condition
Most common benign breast tumor?
Fibroadenoma
Characteristics of papilloma of the breast:
Arise from lining of breast ducts, most common in the Retroareolar area.
Bloody discharge from single duct is common.
Sonographic findings: tiny papilloma may not be detected, may cause dilation of a single duct, small multiple linear and multicentric, intracystic papillomas are soft tissue mass growing into lumen of cystic lesion.
Intracystic lesion growing with fibrovascular stalk.
Occurs most frequently and women 35 to 55.
Raspberry like configuration on mammography.
Lymph nodes in the breast region are called?
Axillary or internal mammary nodes
Characteristics of breast carcinoma:
Fingerlike projections called spiculations Sharp, angular borders Cause skin dimpling or nipple retraction Taller than wide Hypoechoic Posterior shadowing behind Rigid and noncompressible Increased vascularity with feeder vessel
Skin dimpling may be caused from what
Malignancy
Most common reason for scanning a breast with ultrasound?
Palpable mass
Primary purpose of breast screening examination?
Detection and diagnosis of breast cancer and it’s early and curable stages
Most common protocol we follow for breast screening?
Clock face screening and use of radial and anti-radial. Scanning only the area of interest.
Finding of normal breast tissue entering the axillary region is called?
Tail of Spence
American Cancer Society recommends everyone and have a mammogram after what age?
40
Arterial supply to the breast?
Internal mammary and lateral thoracic arteries
Hypertrophy of the dutal elements in a male
Gynecomastia
Parameters when it comes to a breast mass, know tools and how to distinguish between benign and malignant:
Benign: smooth, rounded margins; grow horizontally in tissue planes; parallel to chest wall; round or oval shape; wider than tall; isoechoic with breast tissue; exhibit posterior enhancement; mobile and compressible; do not have blood flow
Malignant: fingerlike projections called spiculations; Sharp, angular borders; cause skin dimpling or nipple retraction; taller than wide; hypoechoic; posterior shadowing behind lesion; rigid and non-compressible; stiff and dense; increased vascularity with feeder vessel
Ultrasound may not be useful during a biopsy in what instances or situations?
Evaluation of clustered microcalcifications because they are difficult to see by ultrasound,so stereotactic guidance is preferred.
Know the protocol for younger women versus older women and the advantages of breast ultrasound over mammography.
Ultrasound of the breast is safer and more accurate in young dense breasts- tissues are not easily visible with mammography. If woman is still in fertile age (before 40) u/s will be used first because we don’t like to radiate young women. U/s can’t differentiate solid masses from fluid filled cyst. Can visualize tissue adjacent to implants or other structures that limit mammography. Used first in pregnant or lactating women and in women with breast augmentation.
Mammography is used for breast calcifications. Hard to differentiate fibrocystic changes or dense tissue on mammography. Difficult to image with implants.
