OA/RA/AD Flashcards

1
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

The breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone.
AKA. wear and tear arthritis

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2
Q

OA is seen with ___

A
  • Increasing age
  • On one side or a single joint (but can be bilateral)
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3
Q

OA Signs & Symptoms

A
  • Pain
  • Joint stiffness
  • loss of movement
  • crepitus (crackling noise)
  • Heberden’s nodules
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4
Q

OA Causes?

A
  • Joint injury (mechanical stress)
  • Abnormal limb development
  • Hereditary factors
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5
Q

OA Risk Factors

A
  • Overweight
  • Repetitive Tasks
  • legs of different length
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6
Q

OA secondary factors

A
  • Alkaptonuria
  • Congenital Joint Disorders
  • Diabetes
  • Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
  • Marfan’s Syndrome
  • Hemochromatosis and Wilson’s disease
  • Chronic inflammatory disease
  • Joint infection
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7
Q

(OA) The articular cartilage is mainly composed of __?

A

Collagen, proteoglycans, and water

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8
Q

(OA)
In the cartilage the collagen matrix __?

Increased compressive force causes__
Decreased proteoglycan causes__
Reduced osmotic pressure causes __?

A

Is a balance of forces.

Decrease in proteoglycan
Reduced osmotic pressure and water content
Additional stress on collagen fiber (breakdown)

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9
Q

(OA)
The breakdown of collagen fiber __?
The collagen breakdown __?
Inflammation injures cartilage by__?

A

Weakens the cartilage.
initiate an inflammatory process in articular cartilage
Releasing proteolytic enzymes like metalloproteases

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10
Q

(OA)
Effects of Inflammation

A
  • Ligaments and joint capsules may become fibrotic and thicken
  • meniscus is worn away
  • bone outgrowth, spurs form at the margin of the head of bone
  • Bony growth
  • Joint may disarticulate
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11
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

A chronic autoimmune disorder that presents as an inflammatory disorder

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11
Q

RA is seen__

A
  • In the joints but may affect other tissues
  • inflammation on both sides of the body
  • primarily synovial joints
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12
Q

RA possible causes?

A
  • May be Genetic
  • environmental factor
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13
Q

(RA) Genetic Markers

A
  • HLA-DR4
  • HLA-DRBD1
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14
Q

(RA) Common components

A
  • C-reactive Protein (CRP)
  • Anticitrulline Antibody
  • Rheumatoid factor (RF)
  • Antinuclear Antibody
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15
Q

(RA) C-reactive Protein

A
  • an acute phase reactant
  • increases during inflammation in response to IL-6
  • Binds to phosphocholine in the bacterial membrane and activates the complement system (phagocytosis)
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16
Q

(RA)
High CRP __?
CRP__?

A

are associated with RA
Influences Osteoclast activity

17
Q

(RA)
Increased levels of CRP are associated with?

A
  • CVD
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Diabetes
  • Interstitial Lung Disease
18
Q

(RA)
Anticitrullinated Antibodies

A

Autoantibodies that target citrullinated peptides and proteins

A useful diagnostic tool

19
Q

(RA)
Citrullinated Proteins

A
  • May appear in their altered state
  • Serves as antigens
  • May initiate the production of antibodies when detected
20
Q

Rheumatoid Factor

A
  • Autoantibody found in RA
  • is also a marker for RA
  • directed against Fc portion of IgG antibody
21
Q

RA may cause …?

A
  • CVD
  • Osteoporosis
  • Interstitial Lung disease
22
Q

RA starts as…?
The synovial ___?
Joint damage __?

A

Persistent cellular event
is the primary target
Loss of function

23
Q

(RA)
3 Phases:
Initiation: __
Amplication: __
Chronic Inflammation: __

A

1) Non-specific Inflammation
2) T-lymphocyte Activation
3) Tissue is Injured

24
(RA) Synovial Membranes are inflamed __ Mass on the synovial space, __ Synovial cells activated __
and infiltrated with inflammatory cells ( lympho, PMN, Plasma) is called Pannus which release enzymes to break down tissue, collagen and cartilage.
25
(RA) Tissue Injury Progression leads to__ Persistent inflammation leads to__ May extend to__
cartilage loss and bone damage. Joint and tendon destruction. Bursae.
26
Rheumatoid nodules
- formed around a fibrinoid center - the center is surrounded by a palisade (macrophage, fibroblasts)
27
Tisses/ Organs affected by RA
- Skin - Lungs - heart and blood vessels - Blood - Bone
28
(RA) Skin
- Subq rheumatoid nodules - Vasculitis
29
(RA) Lungs
- Lung Fibrosis - Caplan's syndrome (coal dust)
30
(RA) Heart and Blood Vessels
- Risk of atherosclerosis - Risk of heart attack + stroke - others
31
(RA) Blood
- Anemia - Normal RBC - Low WBC - Increase in Platelet
32
Atopic Dermatitis
-Eczema - Inflammation of the skin
33
AD Symptoms
- itchy - red - swollen - crack and dry
34
AD Lesions
- Epidermal intercellular edema - Dermal inflammatory infiltration of lymphocytes - Hypogranulation of mast cells - Endothelial cell hypertrophy - Basement membrane thickening of venules - Increase of Langerhans cells
35
(AD) Possible Causes
- Genetics - Immune system dysfunction - Environment (+ S. Aureus) - Altered Skin permeability
35
(AD) S. aureus colonization leads__
to impairment of the barrier function and mutations in filaggrin
36
(AD) Inherited mutation in __ has been associated with AD
Card11 gene
37
AD is driven by __ Resembles __ and __
Hypersensitivity Type 1 and Type 4 hypersensitivity
38
IgE
- is driven when you're first exposed to the antigen - they bind together causing degranulation