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O1 Flashcards

1
Q

Rule of 2 of Meckel’s Diverticulum

A 
2 inches long
2 ft. From ileocecal valve
2% of population
2 years old
2 types of epithelia (gastric, pancreatic)
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2
Q

Opportunistic fungal infections

A
  1. Candida
  2. Aspergillus
  3. Pneumocystis
  4. Cryptococcus
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3
Q

Types of collagen

A

I- bONE
II- carTWOlage
III- 3ticulin (reticulin)
IV- FLOOR (basement membrane)

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4
Q

Glucose transporter

A

Glut 1: RBC, Brain
Glut 2: pancreas, liver, kidney, small intestine
Glut 4: adipose tissue, skeletal muscle

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5
Q

Types of Medical Fees

A
  1. Pakyaw or Straight Fee
  2. Retainer fee
  3. Contingent fee
  4. Simple fee
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6
Q

Cardiac cycle

A 
1.  Atrial contraction
2  Isovolumetric contraction
3. Systolic ejection
4. Isovolumertic relaxation
5. Rapid ventricular filling
6. Reduced ventricular filling
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7
Q

Right to left shunts: cyanotic heart disease

A
  1. Truncus arteriosus
  2. Transposition of great vessels
  3. Tricuspid atresia
  4. Tetralogy of fallot
  5. TAPVR
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8
Q

Left to Right shunts

A

VSD: pansystolic murmur
ASD: fixed split S2
PDA: continuous machinery like murmur

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9
Q

Tetralogy of fallot

A
  1. RVH
  2. Pulmonic valve stenosis
  3. VSD
  4. Overriding aorta
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10
Q

Steps in protein synthesis

A

Initiation -> Elongation -> Termination

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11
Q

Start codon

A

AUG

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12
Q

Stop codon

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

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13
Q

Hesselbach’s triangle:

A
  1. epigastric vessels
  2. inguinal ligament
  3. lateral borders of rectus abdominis
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14
Q

Triangle of Calot:

A
  1. cystic duct
  2. common hepatic duct
  3. inferior border of the liver

significance: Cystic artery

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15
Q

Types of necrosis

A
  1. coagulative
  2. liquefactive
  3. casseous
  4. fatty
  5. fibrinoid
  6. gangrenous
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16
Q

Transudate vs. Exudate

A

Transudate:
• HYPOcellular
• Protein POOR
• SG: < 1.012
• Due to:
1. increased hydrostatic pressure (ex. Heart failure)
2. decreased oncotic pressure (ex. Nephrotic syndrome)

Exudate:
• HYPERcellular
• Protein RICH
• SG: > 1.012
• Due to:
1. inflammation, Cancer, PTB
2. obstruction
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17
Q

Double bubble sign in xray

A

Duodenal atresia

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18
Q

BILE components

A
  • Lecithin
  • Bile acid/ Bilirubin
  • Cholesterol

Absorption-> Terminal ileum

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19
Q

Plummer Vinson Syndrome

A

Dysphagia
Anemia
Glossitis

20
Q

APPENDICITIS: Stages

A
  1. Congestive
  2. Suppurative
  3. Gangrenous
  4. Rupture
21
Q

PHARMACOKINETICS

A

What the body does to the drug

  1. Bioavailability
  2. Volume of Distribution
  3. Half life
  4. Clearance
22
Q

TUMOR Markers

A 
PSA- Prostate
CA-125- ovarian
CEA- Colon 
S-100- neuro
AFP- Liver 
ALP- bone
B-HCG- GTD’s 
CA-15-3- Breast
CA 19-9 - Parncreatic
23
Q

HYPERSENSITIVITY Reaction

A

I- Anaphylactic (allergic reactions)
II- Immune mediated (goodpasture, ITP)
III- Cell mediated (SLE, Serum sickness, GVHD)
IV- Delayed (GB, Contact derm, TB)

24
Q

Transplant rejection

A

HYPERACUTE - within minutes
ACUTE - within weeks
CHRONIC - within months
GVHD - varies

25
Q

Cell Types:

A
  1. Permanent Cells
  2. Stable (Quiescent) Cells
  3. Labile cells
26
Q

5 STAR PHYSICIAN:

A
  1. Medical Researcher
  2. Health Educator
  3. Health Leader
  4. Health Care Provider
  5. Social Mobilizer
27
Q

5 TYPES OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN:

A 
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD
28
Q

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

A

SHIFT TO THE LEFT:

  1. Decreased temperature
  2. Decreased altitude
  3. Decreased pCO2
  4. Decreased 2,3 DPG
  5. Fetal Hemoglobin
  6. INCREASED pH

SHIFT TO THE RIGHT:

  1. Increased temperature
  2. Increased altitude
  3. Increased pCO2
  4. Increased 2,3 DPG
  5. DECREASED pH
29
Q

Gastric Cells and their Secretions:

A

Mucus cells- Mucus
G cells- Gastrin
Chief cells- pepsinogen
Parietal cells- HCl and IF

30
Q

10 MEDICINAL PLANTS:

A
  1. Sambong: diuretic and anti-urolithiasis
  2. Akapulko: fungal dermatitis; scabies
  3. Niyug-niyogan: ascariasis
  4. Tsaang gubat: abdominal pain
  5. Ampalaya: DM
  6. Lagundi: cough and asthma
  7. Ulasimang bato: anti-gout
  8. Bayabas: wound cleaning; mouth sore
  9. Bawang: lowers cholesterol
  10. Yerba Buena: body ache; pain
31
Q

SOURCES OF INFECTION IN SURGICAL PATIENTS:

A
  1. Indwelling catheter/IV
  2. UTI, SSS
  3. Sinusitis
  4. Clostroidium difficile enteritis
  5. Diverticulitis
  6. Perforated PUD
32
Q

PRIMITIVE REFLEXES:

A
  1. Moro reflex
  2. Rooting reflex
  3. Sucking reflex
  4. Palmar and plantar reflex
  5. Babinski reflex
  6. Gallant reflex
33
Q

STRAP MUSCLES:

A

Sternohyoid
Sternothyroi
Superior body of
omohyoid

34
Q

HAGMA

A

MUDPILES

Methanol
Uremia
DKA
Infection, Iron, Isoniazid, Inborn errors of metabolism
Lactic acidosis
Ethylene glycol
Salicylates, Sympathomimetics
35
Q

NAGMA

A

HAARDUP

Hyperalimentation
Acetazolamide, Amphotericin B
Renal Tubular acidosis
Diarrhea
Ureterosigmoidostomy
Pancreatic fistula
36
Q

MALE AND FEMALE GENITAL HOMOLOGUE

A

Glans penis- Glans clitoris
Corpus cavernosum and spongiosum- vestibular
bulbs
Bulbourethral glands of Cowper- Greater vestibular
glands of Bartholin
Prostate gland- Urethral and Paraurethral glands
of Skene
Ventral shaft of penis- Labia minora
Scrotum- Labia majora

37
Q

TOP 5 CAUSES OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION:

A
  1. Ethanol ingestion: Holiday heart syndrome
  2. Valvular heart disease
  3. Ischemic heart disease
  4. Cardiomyopathy
  5. Thyrotoxicosis
38
Q

CHARCOT’S TRIAD:

A
  1. Fever
  2. RUQ pain
  3. Jaundice
39
Q

Reynold’s Pentad

A
  1. Fever
  2. RUQ pain
  3. Jaundice
  4. Change in sensorium
  5. Hypotension (shock)
40
Q

BENIGN THYROID DISEASES:

A
  1. Grave’s disease
  2. Plummer’s disease
  3. Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis
  4. Giant cell thyroiditis
41
Q

MALIGNANT THYROID DISEASES:

A
  1. Papillary carcinoma: 80% best prognosis
  2. Follicular carcinoma: 10% unicentric
  3. Medullary carcinoma: 5%
  4. Anaplastic carcinoma: poor prognosis
42
Q

JONES Criteria for Acute Rheumatic Fever

A

Major manifestation:

"J"oint - Polyarthritis, migratory
O (heart) - Carditis
"N"eurologic -sydenham Chorea
"E"rythema marginatum
"S"ubcutaneous nodules

Minor manifestation:
1. Clinical findings: arthralgia and fever
2. Lab findings: increased Acute phase reactants,
prolonged PR interval

43
Q

DUKES Criteria for Infective Endocarditis

A

Major Criteria:

  1. Positive blood culture results for IE
  2. Positive echocardiographic study

MINOR criteria:

  1. Predisposing heart condition
  2. Fever >38.0C
  3. Vascular phenomena
44
Q

ECG:

A

P wave: atrial depolarization
PR interval: conduction delay through AV node
QRS complex: ventricular depolarization
T wave: ventricular repolarization

45
Q

ECG changes in MI:

A
  1. ST elevation: transmural infarct
  2. Pathologic Q waves: transmural infarct
  3. ST depression: subendocardial infarct

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