O-Week: Cell Stress, Adaptation, Death Flashcards
Dysplasia
A term used to describe the presence of abnormal cells within a tissue or organ.
Dysplasia is not cancer, but it may sometimes become cancer.
Neoplasia
“New growth”. Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth.
Neoplasms may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer).
Haemodynamic
Relating to the flow of blood within the organs and tissues of the body.
Labile cells
In cellular biology, labile cells are cells that continuously multiply and divide throughout life.
The continual division of labile cells allows them to…
Reproduce new stem cells and replace functional cells that are lost in the body.
Benign (tumor)
Not harmful in effect (not cancerous)
Term for cancerous tumor?
Malignant
Stable (quiescent) cells
Cells that multiply only when needed.
They spend most of the time in the quiescent G₀ phase of the cell cycle but can be stimulated to enter the cell cycle when needed.
Examples of labile cells. (2)
Epithelial e.g. Skin, GIT, reproductive, urinary
tracts , lining of exocrine ducts
Haemopoietic stem cells
Examples of permanent cells. (3)
Cardiac & skeletal myocytes, CNS neurons
Proliferation
An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division.
Senescence
A process by which a cell ages and permanently stops dividing but does not die.
Cellular Differentiation
- The characteristics that determine the cell type
- Remember that structure & function are
integrated
Gene expression of cell can be affected by?
Environment
All cells have the same (…) but different (…) expression.
DNA, gene.
Examples of differentiated cell types in the human body? (3)
Neurons, the cells lining the intestine, and macrophages.
Each differentiated cell type has a specific gene expression pattern that it maintains stably.
When is a cell most vulnerable to mutation (that cause cancer?)
During cell division.
Why does cell division increase risk of cancer?
DNA unwound for replication, increase risk of mutation and damage to DNA itself as it is no longer protected.
How does cell division play a role in cancer?
Cancer is characterized by cell proliferation, uncontrolled cell division allows tumors to establish themselves, and ultimately, it allows cancer to spread through the body and metastasize.
Metastasis
Pathogenic agent’s spread from primary site to a different or secondary site within the host’s body; typically used when referring to metastasis by a cancerous tumor.
Cytology
Study of cells.
Histology
Study of tissues.
Haematoxylin
Stains the nucleus dark blue-purple
Eosin
Stains the cytoplasm (proteins) pink
Cell types? (3)
- Connective tissue cells
- Epithelial cells
- Other cell types
Connective tissue cells examples? (6)
Muscle – myocytes (3 types)
Endothelium - Endothelial cells
Cartilage – Chondrocytes
Bone – Osteoblasts, Osteocytes
Fibroblasts/myofibroblasts - (secrete collagen
protein)
Fat – Adipocytes (brown, white, beige. Visceral vs subcutaneous)
Endothelium
The tissue which forms a single layer of cells lining various organs and cavities of the body, especially the blood vessels, heart, and lymphatic vessels.
Cell communication types (3).
Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine
3 muscle types?
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth.
Skeletal muscle is often referred to as
(…) muscle or (…) muscle
Striated, voluntary
(…) muscle cells may contain
(…) of (…) in each cell.
Skeletal muscle
Hundreds of nuclei
Skeletal muscle cytoplasm has alternating light and dark bands called (…)
Cross striations
Skeletal muscle fibres are (labile, stable, permanent) cells but (…) able to (…)
Permanent cells but tissue able to repair.
Cardiac myocytes are (labile, stable, permanent) cells.
Permanent.
3 examples of stable cells (connective tissue)?
Endothelium (lining of blood vessels), cartilage (chondrocytes) & bone
(osteoblasts, osteocytes)
Connective tissue: (…blasts) are stable cells, secreting (?)
Collagen & fat (adipocytes)
Suffix -blast meaning?
Embryonic state of development or the creator of a type of cell
Suffix -blast meaning?
Embryonic state of development or the creator of a type of cell
Epithelium structure and function? (5)
Mechanical stress, chemical stress, secretion (lubrication, digestion, excretion), absorption, transport.
Epithelial secretion aids with? (3 functions)
Lubrication, digestion, excretion.
Endocrine secretes (…) into (…)
Hormone into blood.
Exocrine secretes (…) into (…)
Mucus, enzymes into ducts/lumen (gastrointestinal tract)
What type of epithelium is secretory?
Glandular
Glandular epithelium is a type of tissue that (location and spread) and (function).
A type of tissue that lines certain internal organs and makes and releases substances in the body, such as mucous, digestive juices, and other fluids.
