O-Week: Cell Stress, Adaptation, Death

Question 1

Dysplasia

Answer 1

A term used to describe the presence of abnormal cells within a tissue or organ.

Dysplasia is not cancer, but it may sometimes become cancer.

Question 2

Neoplasia

Answer 2

“New growth”. Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth.

Neoplasms may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer).

Question 3

Haemodynamic

Answer 3

Relating to the flow of blood within the organs and tissues of the body.

Question 4

Labile cells

Answer 4

In cellular biology, labile cells are cells that continuously multiply and divide throughout life.

Question 5

The continual division of labile cells allows them to…

Answer 5

Reproduce new stem cells and replace functional cells that are lost in the body.

Question 6

Benign (tumor)

Answer 6

Not harmful in effect (not cancerous)

Question 7

Term for cancerous tumor?

Answer 7

Malignant

Question 8

Stable (quiescent) cells

Answer 8

Cells that multiply only when needed.

They spend most of the time in the quiescent G₀ phase of the cell cycle but can be stimulated to enter the cell cycle when needed.

Question 9

Examples of labile cells. (2)

Answer 9

Epithelial e.g. Skin, GIT, reproductive, urinary
tracts , lining of exocrine ducts

Haemopoietic stem cells

Question 10

Examples of permanent cells. (3)

Answer 10

Cardiac & skeletal myocytes, CNS neurons

Question 11

Proliferation

Answer 11

An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division.

Question 12

Senescence

Answer 12

A process by which a cell ages and permanently stops dividing but does not die.

Question 13

Cellular Differentiation

Answer 13

• The characteristics that determine the cell type
• Remember that structure & function are
  integrated

Question 14

Gene expression of cell can be affected by?

Answer 14

Environment

Question 15

All cells have the same (…) but different (…) expression.

Answer 15

DNA, gene.

Question 16

Examples of differentiated cell types in the human body? (3)

Answer 16

Neurons, the cells lining the intestine, and macrophages.

Each differentiated cell type has a specific gene expression pattern that it maintains stably.

Question 17

When is a cell most vulnerable to mutation (that cause cancer?)

Answer 17

During cell division.

Question 18

Why does cell division increase risk of cancer?

Answer 18

DNA unwound for replication, increase risk of mutation and damage to DNA itself as it is no longer protected.

Question 19

How does cell division play a role in cancer?

Answer 19

Cancer is characterized by cell proliferation, uncontrolled cell division allows tumors to establish themselves, and ultimately, it allows cancer to spread through the body and metastasize.

Question 20

Metastasis

Answer 20

Pathogenic agent’s spread from primary site to a different or secondary site within the host’s body; typically used when referring to metastasis by a cancerous tumor.

Question 21

Cytology

Answer 21

Study of cells.

Question 22

Histology

Answer 22

Study of tissues.

Question 23

Haematoxylin

Answer 23

Stains the nucleus dark blue-purple

Question 24

Eosin

Answer 24

Stains the cytoplasm (proteins) pink

Question 25

Cell types? (3)

Answer 25

* Connective tissue cells * Epithelial cells * Other cell types

Question 26

Connective tissue cells examples? (6)

Answer 26

Muscle – myocytes (3 types) Endothelium - Endothelial cells Cartilage – Chondrocytes Bone – Osteoblasts, Osteocytes Fibroblasts/myofibroblasts - (secrete collagen protein) Fat – Adipocytes (brown, white, beige. Visceral vs subcutaneous)

Question 27

Endothelium

Answer 27

The tissue which forms a single layer of cells lining various organs and cavities of the body, especially the blood vessels, heart, and lymphatic vessels.

Question 28

Cell communication types (3).

Answer 28

Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

Question 29

3 muscle types?

Answer 29

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth.

Question 30

Skeletal muscle is often referred to as (...) muscle or (...) muscle

Answer 30

Striated, voluntary

Question 31

(...) muscle cells may contain (...) of (...) in each cell.

Answer 31

Skeletal muscle Hundreds of nuclei

Question 32

Skeletal muscle cytoplasm has alternating light and dark bands called (...)

Answer 32

Cross striations

Question 33

Skeletal muscle fibres are (labile, stable, permanent) cells but (...) able to (...)

Answer 33

Permanent cells but tissue able to repair.

Question 34

Cardiac myocytes are (labile, stable, permanent) cells.

Answer 34

Permanent.

Question 35

3 examples of stable cells (connective tissue)?

Answer 35

Endothelium (lining of blood vessels), cartilage (chondrocytes) & bone (osteoblasts, osteocytes)

Question 36

Connective tissue: (...blasts) are stable cells, secreting (?)

Answer 36

Collagen & fat (adipocytes)

Question 37

Suffix -blast meaning?

Answer 37

Embryonic state of development or the creator of a type of cell

Question 38

Suffix -blast meaning?

Answer 38

Embryonic state of development or the creator of a type of cell

Question 39

Epithelium structure and function? (5)

Answer 39

Mechanical stress, chemical stress, secretion (lubrication, digestion, excretion), absorption, transport.

Question 40

Epithelial secretion aids with? (3 functions)

Answer 40

Lubrication, digestion, excretion.

Question 41

Endocrine secretes (...) into (...)

Answer 41

Hormone into blood.

Question 42

Exocrine secretes (...) into (...)

Answer 42

Mucus, enzymes into ducts/lumen (gastrointestinal tract)

Question 43

What type of epithelium is secretory?

Answer 43

Glandular

Question 44

Glandular epithelium is a type of tissue that (location and spread) and (function).

Answer 44

A type of tissue that lines certain internal organs and makes and releases substances in the body, such as mucous, digestive juices, and other fluids.