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Nutrition > Nutriton Skills > Flashcards

Nutriton Skills Flashcards

1
Q

Consequences of glucose metabolism imbalance (5 health conditions)?

A
  1. Ischemic heart disease
  2. hypertension
  3. Renal dysfunction
  4. Strokes
  5. Peripheral neuropathy
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2
Q

When can glucose enter your cell without insulin?

A

exercise

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3
Q

What are lipids essential for (5)?

A
  1. Cell membrane functions
  2. Energy metabolism & fuel creation
  3. Signal Transduction
  4. Delay aging & neurodegenerative diseases
  5. Prostaglandins
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4
Q

What do prostaglandins do (9)?

A

Regulate:
1. inflammation
2. vasoconstriction
3. platelet aggregation
4. hormones
5. cell growth
6. intra-ocular pressure
7. fever
8. GFR
9. sensitive spinal neurons to pain

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5
Q

Lipoprotein structure?

A
  1. Surface monolayer of phospholipids & free cholesterol & apolipoproteins
  2. Hydrophobic core of triglyceride & cholesterol esters
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6
Q

Anti-atherogenic vs pro-atherogenic lipoproteins?

A

Anti-atherogenic: HDL

Pro-atherogenic: chylomicron remnants, VLDL, IDL, LDL & lipoprotein a

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7
Q

Apolipoproteins functions (4)?

A
  1. Structural role
  2. Ligands for lipoprotein R
  3. guide formation of lipoproteins
  4. Activators/ inhibitors of enzymes involved in metabolism of lipoproteins.
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8
Q

Site of lipid storage (6)?

A
  1. Adipose tissue
  2. Muscle
  3. Lymph nodes (chylomicrons)
  4. Liver
  5. Blood
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9
Q

Lipid transport?

A

Hydrophobic lipid molecule attaches to protein to become hydrophilic and be transported via blood (lipoproteins)

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10
Q

Protein functions (6)?

A
  1. Growth/ development
  2. Cofactors
  3. Hormone synthesis
  4. Enzymes
  5. Building block of DNA & RNA
  6. Building block of muscle
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11
Q

3 routes of aas (protein metabolism)?

A
  1. Anabolism: build protein
  2. Catabolism: to produce carbon for energy or nitrogen & urea
  3. Excess was are discharged either in urine (NH4) or sweat
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12
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

Vitamins or minerals require in small amounts

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13
Q

Vitamin?

A

organic molecule that is an essential micronutrient that an organisms needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism.
-can be water soluble or water insoluble

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14
Q

Water soluble vitamins? Examples (2)?

A

-mostly excreted in urine (metabolized by kidneys)
-usually safe
-toxic doses are extremely high

EXAMPLES: Vitamin C and all B vitamins.

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15
Q

B vitamins (8)?

A

B1 = Thiamine
B2 = Riboflavin
B3 = Niacin
B5 = Pantothenic Acid
B6 = Pyridoxine
B7 = Biotin
B9 = Folate
B12 = Cobalamin

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16
Q

Non true B vitamins (3)?

A
  1. Choline
  2. Inositol
  3. PABA
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17
Q

Not vitamins at all with B vitamin name (2)?

A
  1. Vitamin B17 = amygdalin, laetril
  2. Vitamin B15 = pangamic acid
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18
Q

Fat soluble vitamins? Example (4)?

A

-Metabolized by the liver
-stored in body for longer time
-can reach toxic levels after high doses in the body

EXAMPLES: A, D, E, K

19
Q

Vitamin C roles (4)?

A
  1. cofactor: aas metabolism
  2. Support hormonal function
  3. collagen synthesis
  4. Antioxidant
20
Q

Energy releasing B-vitamins (6)?

A
  1. Thiamin B1
  2. Riboflavin B2
  3. Niacin B3
  4. Pantothenic acid B5
  5. Pyridoxine B6
  6. Biotin B7
21
Q

Hematopoetic vitamins (4)?

A

RBC formation

  1. Panthothenic acid B5
  2. Vitamin B6
  3. Folate B9
  4. Vitamin B12
22
Q

What 2 vitamins share both energy releasing and hematopoietic functions?

A

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) & vitamin B6 (Pyridoxin)

23
Q

Macro-minerals? Examples (6)? Function?

A

-needed in higher quantities than micro minerals

Maintain bone & connective tissue health:
1. Calcium
2. Magnesium
3. phosphorus

Maintain electrolyte balance, muscle & nerve APs & function:
4. potassium
5. sodium
6. chorine

24
Q

Microminerals? examples?

A

-needed in small quantities for their RDA
EXAMPLES:
iron, coper, zinc, selenium, chromium, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, fluoride, boron, silicon, vanadium

25
Q

What micro mineral is needed for blood & hemoglobin synthesis?

A

iron

26
Q

Which micro minerals are needed to thyroid function (2)?

A

iodine & selenium

27
Q

What micro minerals are are used for glucose metabolism & diabetes management (2)?

A

Chromium & vanadium

28
Q

2 types of fatty acids?

A
  1. Linoleum acid (omega 6)
  2. Alpha linoleic acid (omega 3)
29
Q

Eicosanoids?

A

-byproduct of essential fatty acids (thus, are not essential)
-20C FAS

30
Q

Three categories of Eicosanoids? And which pathway produces them?

A
  1. Prostaglandins
  2. Thromboxanes
  3. Leukotrienes

Prostaglandins & Thromboxanes are formed via cyclic pathway (cycle-oxygenase)

Leukotrienes are formed by liner pathway (lipoxygenase)

31
Q

Thromboxanes function (3)?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Hypertensive
  3. Platelet aggregation
32
Q

Leukotrienes functions (2)?

A
  1. components of immune system
    - asthma, allergic rhinitis, anaphylaxis
  2. Respiratory functions
    - brochoconstriction
    - Increase mucus secretion
33
Q

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) functions (2)?

A
  1. Precurosor to EPA & DHA
  2. skin health
34
Q

Eicosapentaenoid acid (EPA) functions (3)?

A
  1. Anti-inflammatory
  2. Antithrombiotic
  3. Hypolipidemic
35
Q

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) function?

A
  1. development & functioning of CNS & retina
36
Q

Omega 3 FA deficiency symptoms (3)?

A
  1. paresthesias
  2. weakness
  3. blurred vision
37
Q

Animal sources of EPA & DHA & omega 3 (4)?

A
  1. Fish oil
  2. Krill oil (less omega 3)
  3. Cod liver oil (less EPA/DHA)
  4. Seal oil (high source of DPA)
38
Q

Plant sources of EPA & DHA & omega 3 (3)?

A
  1. Flax oil
    -4-10% EPA, 2-5% DHA
  2. Echium plantageneum
    -20% EPA
  3. Algae extracts
39
Q

Microbiome functions in the body (5)?

A
  1. Bowel physiology & function
  2. Carcinogenesis prevention
  3. Weight gain/loss
  4. Immune function
  5. Metabolism regulators
40
Q

Microbiota number?

A

10-100 Trillion !

41
Q

Microbiota types?

A

6 known types.
1. Bacteroides
2. Actinobacteria
3. Firmicutes (main one)

42
Q

What nutrients for the microbiota need (4)?

A
  1. SCFA
  2. Peptides
  3. Polysaccharides
  4. Linoleic acid (omega 6)
43
Q

What are the 2 outcomes of microbiota?

A
  1. Anti-inflammatory: Rich in fibers, prebiotics, dark leafy green vegetable
  2. Pro-inflammatory: eating high refined sugary foods
44
Q

What other factors can influence your microbiota (4)?

A
  1. Exercise
  2. Lifestyle
  3. Genetics
  4. Environmental factors

Nutrition (3 decks)

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