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Nutriton Skills Flashcards

1
Q

Consequences of glucose metabolism imbalance (5 health conditions)?

A
  1. Ischemic heart disease
  2. hypertension
  3. Renal dysfunction
  4. Strokes
  5. Peripheral neuropathy
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2
Q

When can glucose enter your cell without insulin?

A

exercise

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3
Q

What are lipids essential for (5)?

A
  1. Cell membrane functions
  2. Energy metabolism & fuel creation
  3. Signal Transduction
  4. Delay aging & neurodegenerative diseases
  5. Prostaglandins
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4
Q

What do prostaglandins do (9)?

A

Regulate:
1. inflammation
2. vasoconstriction
3. platelet aggregation
4. hormones
5. cell growth
6. intra-ocular pressure
7. fever
8. GFR
9. sensitive spinal neurons to pain

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5
Q

Lipoprotein structure?

A
  1. Surface monolayer of phospholipids & free cholesterol & apolipoproteins
  2. Hydrophobic core of triglyceride & cholesterol esters
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6
Q

Anti-atherogenic vs pro-atherogenic lipoproteins?

A

Anti-atherogenic: HDL

Pro-atherogenic: chylomicron remnants, VLDL, IDL, LDL & lipoprotein a

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7
Q

Apolipoproteins functions (4)?

A
  1. Structural role
  2. Ligands for lipoprotein R
  3. guide formation of lipoproteins
  4. Activators/ inhibitors of enzymes involved in metabolism of lipoproteins.
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8
Q

Site of lipid storage (6)?

A
  1. Adipose tissue
  2. Muscle
  3. Lymph nodes (chylomicrons)
  4. Liver
  5. Blood
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9
Q

Lipid transport?

A

Hydrophobic lipid molecule attaches to protein to become hydrophilic and be transported via blood (lipoproteins)

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10
Q

Protein functions (6)?

A
  1. Growth/ development
  2. Cofactors
  3. Hormone synthesis
  4. Enzymes
  5. Building block of DNA & RNA
  6. Building block of muscle
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11
Q

3 routes of aas (protein metabolism)?

A
  1. Anabolism: build protein
  2. Catabolism: to produce carbon for energy or nitrogen & urea
  3. Excess was are discharged either in urine (NH4) or sweat
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12
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

Vitamins or minerals require in small amounts

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13
Q

Vitamin?

A

organic molecule that is an essential micronutrient that an organisms needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism.
-can be water soluble or water insoluble

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14
Q

Water soluble vitamins? Examples (2)?

A

-mostly excreted in urine (metabolized by kidneys)
-usually safe
-toxic doses are extremely high

EXAMPLES: Vitamin C and all B vitamins.

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15
Q

B vitamins (8)?

A

B1 = Thiamine
B2 = Riboflavin
B3 = Niacin
B5 = Pantothenic Acid
B6 = Pyridoxine
B7 = Biotin
B9 = Folate
B12 = Cobalamin

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16
Q

Non true B vitamins (3)?

A
  1. Choline
  2. Inositol
  3. PABA
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17
Q

Not vitamins at all with B vitamin name (2)?

A
  1. Vitamin B17 = amygdalin, laetril
  2. Vitamin B15 = pangamic acid
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18
Q

Fat soluble vitamins? Example (4)?

A

-Metabolized by the liver
-stored in body for longer time
-can reach toxic levels after high doses in the body

EXAMPLES: A, D, E, K

19
Q

Vitamin C roles (4)?

A
  1. cofactor: aas metabolism
  2. Support hormonal function
  3. collagen synthesis
  4. Antioxidant
20
Q

Energy releasing B-vitamins (6)?

A
  1. Thiamin B1
  2. Riboflavin B2
  3. Niacin B3
  4. Pantothenic acid B5
  5. Pyridoxine B6
  6. Biotin B7
21
Q

Hematopoetic vitamins (4)?

A

RBC formation

  1. Panthothenic acid B5
  2. Vitamin B6
  3. Folate B9
  4. Vitamin B12
22
Q

What 2 vitamins share both energy releasing and hematopoietic functions?

A

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) & vitamin B6 (Pyridoxin)

23
Q

Macro-minerals? Examples (6)? Function?

A

-needed in higher quantities than micro minerals

Maintain bone & connective tissue health:
1. Calcium
2. Magnesium
3. phosphorus

Maintain electrolyte balance, muscle & nerve APs & function:
4. potassium
5. sodium
6. chorine

24
Q

Microminerals? examples?

A

-needed in small quantities for their RDA
EXAMPLES:
iron, coper, zinc, selenium, chromium, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, fluoride, boron, silicon, vanadium

25
What micro mineral is needed for blood & hemoglobin synthesis?
iron
26
Which micro minerals are needed to thyroid function (2)?
iodine & selenium
27
What micro minerals are are used for glucose metabolism & diabetes management (2)?
Chromium & vanadium
28
2 types of fatty acids?
1. Linoleum acid (omega 6) 2. Alpha linoleic acid (omega 3)
29
Eicosanoids?
-byproduct of essential fatty acids (thus, are not essential) -20C FAS
30
Three categories of Eicosanoids? And which pathway produces them?
1. Prostaglandins 2. Thromboxanes 3. Leukotrienes Prostaglandins & Thromboxanes are formed via cyclic pathway (cycle-oxygenase) Leukotrienes are formed by liner pathway (lipoxygenase)
31
Thromboxanes function (3)?
1. Vasoconstriction 2. Hypertensive 3. Platelet aggregation
32
Leukotrienes functions (2)?
1. components of immune system - asthma, allergic rhinitis, anaphylaxis 2. Respiratory functions - brochoconstriction - Increase mucus secretion
33
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) functions (2)?
1. Precurosor to EPA & DHA 2. skin health
34
Eicosapentaenoid acid (EPA) functions (3)?
1. Anti-inflammatory 2. Antithrombiotic 3. Hypolipidemic
35
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) function?
1. development & functioning of CNS & retina
36
Omega 3 FA deficiency symptoms (3)?
1. paresthesias 2. weakness 3. blurred vision
37
Animal sources of EPA & DHA & omega 3 (4)?
1. Fish oil 2. Krill oil (less omega 3) 3. Cod liver oil (less EPA/DHA) 4. Seal oil (high source of DPA)
38
Plant sources of EPA & DHA & omega 3 (3)?
1. Flax oil -4-10% EPA, 2-5% DHA 2. Echium plantageneum -20% EPA 3. Algae extracts
39
Microbiome functions in the body (5)?
1. Bowel physiology & function 2. Carcinogenesis prevention 3. Weight gain/loss 4. Immune function 5. Metabolism regulators
40
Microbiota number?
10-100 Trillion !
41
Microbiota types?
6 known types. 1. Bacteroides 2. Actinobacteria 3. Firmicutes (main one)
42
What nutrients for the microbiota need (4)?
1. SCFA 2. Peptides 3. Polysaccharides 3. Linoleic acid (omega 6)
43
What are the 2 outcomes of microbiota?
1. Anti-inflammatory: Rich in fibers, prebiotics, dark leafy green vegetable 2. Pro-inflammatory: eating high refined sugary foods
44
What other factors can influence your microbiota (4)?
1. Exercise 2. Lifestyle 3. Genetics 4. Environmental factors

Nutrition (3 decks)

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