Nutritional Path

Question 1

BMI

Answer 1

Weight/height in m^2

Question 2

Metabolic Syndrome

Answer 2

Increased adiposity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, pre-diabetes

Question 3

Metabolic Syndrome Histology in Liver

Answer 3

Hepatic Steatosis

Question 4

Steatohepatitis

Answer 4

Steatosis of the liver with inflammation, leading to fibrosis, cirrhosis, carcinoma

Question 5

Leptin

Answer 5

Satiety Signal, increases POMC pathway, inhibits NPY pathway

Question 6

Ghrelin

Answer 6

Stomach orexigenic signal. Agonizes the NPY pathway.

Question 7

PYY

Answer 7

Anorexigenic, Antagonizes NPY neurons.

Question 8

Adiponectin

Answer 8

Stimulates use of adipose tissue as fatty acid breakdown. Levels are lower in obese individuals

Question 9

Primary Protein/Energy Malnutrition

Answer 9

Unavailability of food. Marasmus, Kwashiorkor.

Question 10

Secondary PEM

Answer 10

Secondary to coexisting disease

Question 11

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor

Answer 11

Primary starvation vs switching from milk to carb diet. Kwashiorkor has fatty livid and loss of visceral protein.

Question 12

Why does fatty liver occur in Kwashiorkor

Answer 12

no lipoproteins to take fat out of liver for use.

Question 13

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 13

A, D, E, K

Question 14

Water soluble vitamins

Answer 14

C, B

Question 15

Vitamin A

Answer 15

Retinol related, carotenoids, leafy veggies. Vision, cell differentiation, growth, metabolism. Deficiency causes night blindness and squamous metaplasia.

Question 16

Vitamin C

Answer 16

Collagen Synthesis, deficiency is scurvy.

Question 17

Vitamin D

Answer 17

Maintenence of serum calcium and phosphorous, from UV light, some from diet. Converted to active form by liver. Involved in immune system, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, apoptosis. Deficiency is rickets (children), osteomalacia. Disorganized endochondral organization.