Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology Block 1 > Nutritional, Environmental Disorders > Flashcards

Nutritional, Environmental Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

How do you get lead poisoning

A

Lead is absorbed via lungs or GI and follows calcium into bones
Threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Symptoms lead poisoning

A

GI (“lead colic”), CNS (irritability, ataxic, drowsy), microcytic hypochromic anemia w/ basophilic stippling, increased bone density at growth plates, peripheral neuropathy (foot drop, GI colic), nephropathy (Falconi syndrome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Falconi syndrome

A

Impaired proximal renal tubular reabsorption of AA, phosphate, glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mercury poisoning sources, symptoms

A

Dental amalgams, contaminated fish

Tremor, gingivitis, bizarre behavior, kidney damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cancer a/w:

Aromatic amines, benzene, nickel, vinyl chloride

A

AA: bladder
Ben: multiple myeloma, leukemia
Nickel: sinus, lung
VC: angiosarcoma of liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Arsenic poisoning symptoms, diseases caused

A

GI pain, heart, CNS (2-8 wk post)

Chronic: skin cancer on palms, soles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cadmium poisoning: sources, symptoms/diseases

A

Mining, electroplating nickel-cadmium batteries -> contaminated soil/water
Subtle renal disease, calcium loss -> osteomalacia/ porosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Problems for chimney sweeps in old times

A

Soot -> scrotal cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cancers caused by smoking

A

Oral (lip, in mouth), larynx, lung, pancreas, esophagus, bladder, kidney, uterine cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Component of cigarette smoke causing cancer

A

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Most and least common lung cancers from smoking & an in between

A

Most: small cell (oat cell)
Least: bronchioalveolar adenocarcinoma
Mid: non-small cell bronchioalveolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Heart disease, lung cancer, emphysema risk with cessation of smoking

A

HD: greatly reduced w/in 5 years
Lung: decreases 21% in 5 yr, risk lasts for 30 y
Emp: never goes away but won’t get worse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Acute alcoholic injuries

A

Drunkenness, fatty change of liver, acute alcoholic hepatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chronic alcoholic injuries

A

Cirrhosis, alcoholic cardiomyopathy, acute/ chronic pancreatitis, alcohol dependence/ withdrawal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Reversible injury associated with drinking & cause

A

Acute fatty change of the liver d/t TG synth (can’t put all EtOH 2-C frags into Krebs) -> dec lipid secretion by liver
GGT goes up, not AST/ALT, alkaline phosphatase
*Lasts for days, may cause sudden death d/t metabolic derangement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Other causes of fatty liver

A

Glucose/sugar shunted from Krebs to fat production bc ADH makes too much NADPH (while DH EtOH) & H2 has to go somewhere
*Also oxidizing EtOH = free radicals, acetaldehyde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Acute alcoholic hepatitis

A

Rare rxn; throw up a lot -> death

*Must be genetically susceptible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lab dx alcoholic hepatitis

A

Mallory bodies (pink clumped precytokeratin filaments) with neutros around Mallory body hepatocytes & neutros, eos, lymphs in portal triad
Fibrosis b/t portal triads (bridging) -> cirrhosis
AST, ALT, GGT, alk phos elevated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Portal HTN & esophageal varices

A

Cirrhosis prevents connection of nodules to central veins = congestion
Blood backs up into coronary vein -> esophageal veins
Also spleen enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Alcoholic cardiomyopathy

A

Form of dilated cardiomyopathy, can cause splinter hemorrhages
D/t myocyte toxicity by loosening BM dystrophin
EtOH shortest SCFA, which heart lives on, but this messes it up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Acute and chronic pancreatitis findings

A

Acute: Ranson’s criteria
Chronic: toothpaste-y stuff in ducts, stones, chain of lakes, grittiness on sectioning, possible fat saponification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ranson’s criteria

A

At admission: >55 y, WBC >16, glucose >200, serum LDH >350, AST >250
After 48 hr: hematocrit falls >10%, urea rises >5mg/L, arterial PO2 -4, estimated fluid sequestration >6L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome features

A

Short palpebral fissures, flat midface, short nose, flat philtrum, thin upper lip, micrognathia, minor ear abnormalities, low nasal bridge, epicanthal folds
MR, social problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Infections from IVDA

A

Infections: Hep B, C, AIDS, endocarditis

Talc granulomatosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Characteristics of cocaine

A

Acute HTN surge, vasoconstriction (paradoxical inotrope), possible stroke
Acute OD: seizure, cardiac arrhythmia, death
Chronic overuse: temp 105

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Features of ASA OD

A

Metabolic acidosis, resp alkalosis, tinnitus, high anion gap, vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Features of acetaminophen OD & tx

A

Throw up once, okay for one day (liver depleting GSH), come back dying of hepatic failure with drug level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Solar elastosis

A

Elastic replaced by scar tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Non-ionizing EM radiation at 1-10^18 Hz

A

Long wavelength, low freq
Electric power, radio waves, microwaves, infrared, UV light
Vibration and rotation of atoms in biologic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Non-ionizing EM radiation at 10^18-10^27 Hz

A

Short wavelength, high freq
X-ray, gamma ray, cosmic rays
Ionize target molecules and eject electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Hematopoietic syndrome d/t radiation

A 
200 rad (2Gy) to 700 rad of photons -> radiation-sensitive BM stem cells depleted = pancytopenia with anemia, infections, bleeding
Attrition of gonadal stem cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Gastrointestinal syndrome d/t radiation

A

1000 rads, depletes GI mucosa = malnutrition, malabsorption, electrolyte imbalance, septicemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

CNS syndrome d/t radiation

A

Several thousand rads, generalized endoth damage w/ vascular leakage = neuro symptoms, cardiovascular sx
*Rapidly fatal (hr to days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Local vascular damage d/t radiation mechanism

A

Radiation fibroblasts: scarring with 2’ tissue disorganization, atrophy
Telangiectasia, ulceration, erosion, ischemic
Vascular stenosis d/t sclerosis, mural fibrinoid material, intimal foam cell accumulation, thrombosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Marasmus vs. kwarshiorkor

A

M: wasting d/t insufficient calories; fretful, desperate for food; no SQ fat, die of infxns
K: protein malnutrition; rash, scaly skin, distended abd, anemic, apathetic; fatty liver, edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Central vs. peripheral fat (apple vs. pear)

A

Apple: internal fat, assc. with DM2, dyslipidemias, cancer, HTN, heart/kidney disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Unexpected effects of BMI >35

A

Non-alc fatty liver, gallstones, sleep apnea (Pickwickian syndrome), arthritis, cancer (esoph, GB, colon, thyroid, kidney, endometrium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Enzymes required for absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

A

Bile & panc enzymes (triggered by fat)
ApoE-R (vit A)
Stored in fat, liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Vitamin A functions

A

Fight infections, normal columnar and transitional epithelium (skin follicles, resp tree, kidney/ureters), normal growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Vit A and cancer; why?

A

Inverse relationship because retinoids modify cellular diff/prolif

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Vit A teratogen

A

Retin-A, a beta-carotenoid (alpha non-teratogenic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Vit A deficiency

A

Night blindess -> perm blindness via keratostomia, corneal ulcer, corneal/scleral thickening (Bitot spot)
Mucosa/skin -> keratin = stones, tumors
Follicular hyperkeratosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Vitamin A deficiency causes (aside from poverty)

A

GI disorders/ malabsorption: sprue, celiac, CF, steatorrhea, cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, other liver problems
*Nursing women may deplete stores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Vit A sources

A

Eggs, milk, butter, fish, polar bear liver (too much)

Carotenoids from yellow veg, leafy greens (carrots, yellow squash, red, yellow peps, spinach, salad)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Vitamin A toxicity

A

HA, n/v, blurred vision, papilledema, stupor, alopecia, weight loss
Overstimulated osteoclast -> bone/jj pain, bone resorption, fx, symmetrical hyperostosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Vit D deficiency

A

Weak bones, lose mm strength, lose immune fxn, cancer (colon, breast, pancreas, prostate)
High inflammation levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Vit D effect on small intestine?

A

D-OH-2 triggers Ca2+ absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Structure of vit D

A

Prohormone, modified by liver and kidney to become D-OH-2 and active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Skeletal vit D functions

A

Maintain Ca/phosphorus homeostasis (absorb Ca in small int and reabsorb in kidney) to maintain blood Ca, too much -> bone to make stronger (PO4 follows, so low vit = low Ca and PO4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Nonskeletal vit D functions

A

Steroid hormone made from chol produced by breast, prostate, colon, MFs, squamous cells
Regulates expression of genes, many imp in cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Low it D blood levels

A

D-OH-2 below 20 ng/ml assc with 30-50% increase in breast, prostate, colon cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Synthesis of vit D

A

Skin 7-dehydro-chol + UVB = vit D3 (chole)
Food vit D in liver -> D-OH-1 (ergo)
Vit D-OH-1 in kidney -> vit D-OH-2 *active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How to become vit D deficient & prevention

A

Not enough sunlight (more melanin, clouds, sunscreen)
Low D in diet
Bad kidneys (no conversion)
*Cod liver oil (except renal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Diseases caused by vit D deficiency

A

Rickets in kids under 2 with unfused growth plates (also renal rickets)
Osteomalacia in adults (mostly renal)

55
Q

Signs of rickets

A

Frontal bossing - squared off head
“Rachitic rosary” of anteriorly-protruding ribs
Lumbar lordosis, bowed legs
“Soft bones” and pseudo-fractures, growth retardation, hypercalciuria (nephrocalcinosis, renal calculi)

56
Q

Signs of osteomalacia

A

Progressive weakness, pain in bones of arms, legs, spine, pelvis (bone tenderness)
Pathologic fx, too soft -> death

57
Q

Lab findings to differentiate osteomalacia from osteoporosis

A

Mal: too much osteoid (collaged supporting calcium in bone), not enough Ca2+
Por: normal ratio osteoid to calcium, not enough bone

58
Q

Ideal concentration for vit D

A

> =30, not consistently over 200 -> hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia

59
Q

Sources of vit D

A

Cod liver oil, salmon, mackerel, tube, sardines/ anchovies, milk, margarine, fortified cereal, egg, liver/beef, swiss cheese

60
Q

Vit D toxicity

A

Constipation, anorexia, dehydration, fatigue, irritability, vom, hypercalcinuria/ emia, HTN, polydipsia, polyuria, damage to kidney & bone, calcifications in soft tissues; tight PQRS d/t hyper-excitable heart

61
Q

Vit E functions

A

Antioxidant, immune (cell signal, gene exp reg, *a-tocopheral inh PKC), prevents clotting, suppresses ArachAcid metabolism and increases prostacyclin)

62
Q

Vit E deficiency symptoms

A

Premies: failure to thrive, decreased reflexes, weak mm, abnrl eye movements, hemolytic anemia
Fat malabsorption: peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, sk myopathy, retinopathy, impaired immune response

63
Q

Who gets vit E def?

A

Crohn disease, CF, inability to secrete bile, steatorrhea, chronic diarrhea (need water soluble vit E)
Abetalipoproteinemia
*Risk of A, D def too

64
Q

Abetalipoproteinemia

A

Poor absorption fat -> poor nerve impulses, mm weakness, retinal degen -> blindness
*Acanthocytes (spur cells)

65
Q

Ataxia & vit E deficiency (AVED)

A

Rare, inherited disorder
Liver’s alpha-tocopherol transferase defective or absent
Lose ability to walk without huge doses vit E

66
Q

Sources of vit E

A

Wheat germ oil, almonds, sunflower seeds, nuts/seeds… corn oil, spinach, broccoli, kiwi, mango

67
Q

Vit K functions

A

Cofactor for clotting factors made by gut bacteria

68
Q

Vit K deficiency: who? symptoms?

A

Liver disease, malabsorption, broad spectrum antibiotics, newborns, rare disorders
Bleeding: hematomas, hematuria, melena, gums, nose

69
Q

Sources of vit K

A

Cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, other greens, fortified cereals

70
Q

Therapeutic use of vit K

A

Reverses Coumadin in high doses

71
Q

Too much vit K

A

Interferes with anticlotting meds, jaundice, RBC hemolysis, brain damage

72
Q

B vitamins: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12

A

1: thiamine
2: riboflavin
3: niacin
6: pyridoxine
9: folate
12: cobalamin

73
Q

Thiamine function, deficiency

A

Carb/AA metabolism; peripheral nerve conduction

Beriberi

74
Q

Riboflavin function, deficiency

A

Redox reactions

None (technically ariboflavinosis)

75
Q

Niacin function, deficiency

A

Essential to Krebs/ glycolysis

Pellagra

76
Q

Pyridoxine function, deficiency

A

Cofactor in many reactions

Cheilitis, glossitis, dermatitis, peripheral neuropathy

77
Q

Folate function, deficiency

A

With cyanocobalamin, turns precursor RBC into mature RBC

Megaloblastic anemia

78
Q

Cobalamin function, deficiency

A

Cyanocobalamin with folate, turns precursor RBC into mature RBC
Megaloblastic anemia/ pernicious anemia

79
Q

Beriberi symptoms

A

Dry: peripheral neuropathy and atrophy
Wet: high output heart failure from peripheral vasodilation, edema, enlarged heart, arrhythmias

80
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

Confusion, ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, confabulation, atrophy of cerebellar vermis, deign of mam bodies
*Alcoholics, really weird diets

81
Q

Sources of thiamine

A

Grains, yeast, pork liver, oatmeal

82
Q

Riboflavin deficiency

A

Cheilosis, glossitis, eye changes (invading capillaries), anemia, seborrheic dermatitis
Seen in alcoholics, 3rd world poor diet

83
Q

Sources of riboflavin

A

Milk, eggs, nuts, beef, meat, liver, fish, whole grain cereals, green veg

84
Q

Pellagra

A

B3 def in alcoholics, debilitating illnesses, diet with corn as staple
Dermatitis (worse in sun), dementia, diarrhea, death

85
Q

Sources of niacin

A

Endogenous from tryptophan (meat, liver, eggs), liver, chicken, beef, fish, cereal, peanuts, legumes, green leafy veg

86
Q

Sources of pyridoxine

A

Potatoes, bananas, garbanzos, chicken, beef, fish, oatmeal, sunflower seeds, spinach, tomato juice, avocado, PB, soybean, etc.

87
Q

Who gets pyridoxine deficiency?

A

Use of B6 antagonist (INH), alcoholism, pregnancy (increased demand), homocysteinuria (increased demand), poor diet

88
Q

Pyridoxine def symptoms

A

Peripheral neuropathy, cheilosis, glossitis, dermatitis, microcytic anemia

89
Q

Folate functions

A

Transfer of 1-C units in DNA synthesis

Fights heart disease

90
Q

Folate deficiency

A

Megaloblastic anemia (microcytic because can’t form properly)

91
Q

Folate sources & anti-sources

A

Dark green leafy stuff, fruits, nuts, veg, beans

Bad: sunshine destroys it, but melanin somewhat protects

92
Q

Sources of cobalamin & who gets deficient?

A

Meat, dairy

Strict vegetarians, alcoholics, malabsorption (pernicious anemia, other GI malabsorption syndromes)

93
Q

B6 and B12 deficient - what’s the problem?

A

Elevated homocysteine = risk for heart attack

94
Q

Folate vs. B12 deficiency

A

B12: neuro symptoms
Folate: no neuro symptoms

95
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

AI atrophic gastritis -> withering stomach parietal cells & stop making IF (glycoprotein carrier of B12)
Result: megaloblastic macrocytic anemia

96
Q

Vit C functions

A

Heals wounds (collagen)
Keeps caps from bleeding
Immune functions (antioxidant)
Mm and bones strong (crosslinks collagen, carnitine)

97
Q

Vit C deficiency

A

Scurvy: teeth falling out from bleeding gums, rash, corkscrew arm hairs, petechiae -> bruises, capillary fragility

98
Q

Sources of vit C

A

40-60 mg/day; citrus fruits, rose hips, sauerkraut (cabbage), malt, broccoli, liver, willow bark

99
Q

Zinc functions

A

Need it for wound healing & pregnancy (zinc fingers)

100
Q

Zinc deficiency

A

Cheilitis, rash at eyes, toes, alopecia, anorexia, diarrhea, smell/taste problems, memory problems, leukonychia (fingernail spots)

101
Q

Who gets zinc deficient?

A

⅓ world where soil doesn’t have enough Zn
People on TPN without added Zn
A/D deficienct - can’t use the zinc you have

102
Q

Components of smog

A

Sulfur dioxide, CO, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, lead, particulate matter

103
Q

Ozone formation & effect

A

Sunlight driven rxns of nitrogen oxides released by auto exhaust
Generates free radicals, damages resp tract/ alveoli, smog

104
Q

Sulfur dioxide, particles, acid aerosols source & effect

A

Coal- ad oil-fired power plants, industrial processes

Particles: main cause morbidity and death, phago by MFs, neutros -> release mediators/ cause inflam

105
Q

CO sources & poisoning

A

Auto engines, fossil fuel burning, home oil burning, cig smoke
Binds Hb, prevents O2 transport (200x affinity) -> slow CNS depression, systemic hypoxia, death
*May appear red-skinned

106
Q

Wood smoke, radon, and bioaerosols

A

Wood smoke -> predisposes to lung infxn, may contain polycyclic hydrocarbons
Radon - not harmful at low levels
Bioaerosols - may contain pathogenic microbes

107
Q

Organic solvents like chloroform, carbon tetrachloride source and symptoms

A

Degreasing/ dry cleaning agents, paint removers

Dizziness, confusion, CNS dep, coma, kidney/ liver toxicity

108
Q

Organic solvents benzene and 1,2-butadiene source and symptoms

A

Occ exposure of rubber workers, increase risk of leukemia by disrupting progenitor cell diff in BM
*CYP2E1 for benzene

109
Q

Organochlorides: DDT, PCBs, TCDD

A

Most are endocrine disrupts, long-term health effects unclear except DDT -> neurologic toxicity

110
Q

PCBs

A

PCBs & dioxins -> chloracne (pigment, cyst, hyperkeratosis, acne), folliculitis; induces CYP450

111
Q

BPA

A

Potential endocrine disruptor, heart disease; extent of effects unclear

112
Q

Mineral dust: coal dust, silica, asbestos, beryllium

A

Pneumoconioses/ non-neoplastic lung diseases

*Asbestos extends to family members/ close contacts

113
Q

Pros and cons of estrogen therapy

A

Post-menopause: HRT to prevent or slow osteoporosis, ? reduce risk of MI
Increased risk endometrial/ breast carcinoma

114
Q

Estrogen vs. estrogen + progestin hormone replacement therapy

A

Est alone: increased risk endometrial carcinoma
Est + progest: drastically reduced risk endo car but inc risk breast carc
Either: inc risk thromboembolism

115
Q

Oral contraceptive effect on: breast carcinoma, endometrial/ ovarian cancer, cervical ca, thromboembolism, CVD, hepatic adenoma

A

BC: no inc risk
E/O: protective
Cerv: ? inc risk (may just be d/t sexual activity)
TE: inc risk, still lower than risk d/t pregnancy
CVD: no inc risk for nonsmoker/ under 30, inc risk in over 35 smoker
HA: clear association

116
Q

Factors affecting clinical severity of burns

A

Depth, % body covered, ? internal injuries from inhalation toxic/ hot fumes, prompt and efficacious tx (wound management, fluids, electrolytes)

117
Q

Full thickness burns

A

3, 4th degree burns
Total destruction of epidermis and dermis, including dermal appendages with stem cells
Appear white, charred, dry, anesthetic

118
Q

Partial thickness burns

A

Deeper portions of dermal appendages spared; pink, mottled, blistered, painful
1st degree: epithelium only
2nd degree: epidermis and superficial dermis

119
Q

Burns & shock

A

Is over 20% body, rapid shift of fluid to interstitium at site and systemically -> hypovolemic shock, with pulmonary edema d/t protein loss into interstitium

120
Q

Burns & inhalation injury

A

Direct effect of heat on mouth, nose, upper airway or inhalation of heated air or gas

121
Q

Inhalation of water- vs. lipid-soluble gas

A

Water-soluble chlorine, sulfur oxide, ammonia -> acid or alkalis in airway = inflam, swelling
Lipid-soluble nitrous oxide, products of burning plastics -> reach deeper airway = pneumonitis
*Both 24-48 hrs later

122
Q

Leading COD in burn patients

A

Septic organ system failure d/t microorganisms invading burn wounds (Pseudomonas, S. aureus)

123
Q

Symptoms of anorexia nervosa

A

Amenorrhea, cold intolerance, bradycardia, constipation, chains in skin/hair, dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities, scaly dry yellow skin (excess carotene in blood), increased but fine and pale body hair (lanugo), decreased bone density, anemia, lymphopenia, hypoalbuminemia

124
Q

Anorexia nervosa increases risk for:

A

Cardiac arrhythmia & sudden death d/t hypokalemia

125
Q

Complications of bulimia

A

Due to electrolyte imbalances (d/t vomiting; hypokalemia) & consequent inc risk of arrhythmia, pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents, esophageal/ stomach rupture

126
Q

Leptin (and adiponectin)

A

From fat cells, regulated by adequacy of fat stores; with enough fat, reduces food intake by stimulating POMC/CART neurons, inhibiting NPY/AgRP neurons; stimulates thermogenesis
*Loss of fxn = obesity

127
Q

Insulin

A

From pancreatic beta cells

128
Q

Ghrelin

A

From stomach, stimulates appetite, “meal initiator”, ? stimulates NPY/AgRP neurons in hypothalamus

129
Q

Peptide YY

A

From ileum/colon endocrine cells, released post-prandially, a satiety signal; ? stimulates POMC/CART neurons to reduce intake

130
Q

Genes ? involved in obesity

A

Leptin loss of function mutation
Melanocortin-4-R (MC4R)
Leptin resistance

131
Q

Types of neurons that activate efferent neurons to promote energy expenditure, and those that promote food intake

A

*All regulated by arcuate nuc of hypothalamus
EE: POMC/CART neurons
Food: NPY/AgRP neurons

132
Q

Cancers associated with obesity

A

Men: esophagus, thyroid, colon, kidney
Women: esophagus, endometrium. gallbladder, kidney

133
Q

Other disorders associated with obesity

A

HTN, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, gallstones, hypoventilation syndrome (Pickwickian syndrome), osteoarthritis (DJD), chronic inflammation

Pathology Block 1 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions