Nutritional Biochemistry Flashcards
What are biomarkers?
A subcategory of objective clinical signs that can be accurately and reproducibly measured (can be anatomic, physiologic or molecular). Provide therapeutic targets for assessment and planning.
Examples of biomarkers?
Anthropometrics, vital signs, blood chemistry, urinalysis, stool test, breath tests, lung function test
What does ADIME stand for (in terms of a nutrition case)?
Assessment, Diagnosis, Intervention, Monitoring & Evaluation
What are the 5 components of metabolic syndrome?
Abdominal obesity, high TG, low HDL (dyslipidemia), high fasting glucose, high BP
What is Metformin?
Synthetic derivative of galegine found in a legume- used for diabetes as it lowers blood glucose by suppressing hepatic GNG.
What happens with dysregulation of the Randle cycle?
Increased lipolysis, fatty acids outcompete glucose for oxidation -> glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and ectopic fat storage
What are the metabolic consequences of cholecystectomy?
Uninhibited flow of bile acids that stimulate abnormal regulatory signaling in the liver, intestine, adipose tissue and muscle, causing metabolic problems (including MetS)
What is Metformin?
Synthetic derivative of galegine found in a legume (Goat’s Rue). Used for diabetes as it lowers blood glucose by suppressing hepatic GNG.
What is the mechanism of metformin?
Downregulates GNG, resulting in reduction of 75% of hepatic glucose output.
What are the 4 Ps of “P4 Medicine”?
Predictive, preventive, participatory, personalized
What are the 4 Ps of “P4 Medicine”?
Predictive, preventive, participatory, personalized
What is the model of allostasis?
Process of maintaining homeostasis through adaptive change of our internal environment, behavioral and biological stressors.
What is the model of allostasis?
Process of maintaining homeostasis through adaptive change of our internal environment, behavioral and biological stressors.
What is allostatic load?
AL is an index that evaluates the dysregulation of metabolic and physiological systems. It serves as a preclinical marker that precedes disease onset.
What is a PES statement?
“[Problem] related to [etiology/cause] as evidenced by [S]”.
What is nutritional genomics?
The influence of nutrients and bioactive metabolites on gene expression.
What is nutrition genetics?
The responses of genetic polymorphisms to nutrients and metabolites (and the health consequences)
What is epigenomics?
The study of the complete set of epigenetic modifications on the genetic material of a cell
What is the result of histone acetylation?
Chromatin relaxes and opens up –> active transcription
Nutritionally speaking, what is the affect of overnutrition on histone acetylation?
Drives hyperacetylation, resulting in overactive gene transcription
What cofactor is required for histone acetylation?
Acetyl Co-A
What is chromatin remodeling?
Process of the chromatin fiber complex opening up to allow access to the genome
What are types of histone modification?
Acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, binding of regulatory proteins. Primarily take place on amino acid residues in the side chains or histone tails
What is the result of histone acetylation?
Chromatin relaxes and opens up –> turns gene on –> active transcription
What cofactor is required for DNA methylation?
SAM
What is required for histone acetylation?
Catalyzed by histone acetyltransferases (HATS) that use acetyl CoA (B5) as the acetyl source- occurs on lysine side chains
What is the result of DNA methylation?
Gene is turned off –> stops transcription (methyl group projects into the major groove of DNA)
What cofactor is required for DNA methylation?
SAM-dependent DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) mark DNA with a methyl group - occurs mainly on lysine and arginine side chains
What is genomic imprinting?
An epigenetic phenomenon that causes genes to be expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner
What did the Dutch famine tell us about genetics?
Genetic imprinting - stressors/DNA markers experienced by parents are passed down to children
What happens with histone phosphorylation?
Kinases modify serine, threonine and tyrosine residues
What happens with histone phosphorylation?
Kinases modify serine, threonine and tyrosine residues
What is the result of hypomethylation?
Potentially genomic instability and oncogene activation (eg. human colorectal cancer)
What is demethylation?
The removal of the methyl group via DNMT activity, then turns genes back on
What is demethylation?
The removal of the methyl group via DNMT activity, then turns genes back on
