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GI 3 > Nutritional Biochemistry > Flashcards

Nutritional Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What enZ from pancrease are secreated in the Pro-form?

A

 Trypsinogen
 Chymotrypsinogen
 Proelastase
 Procarboxypeptidases

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2
Q

What enZ are secreated from pancreas at the:
Cephalic stage:
Gastric Stage:
Intestinal Stage:

A

 Cephalic: Acetylcholine
 Gastric: Acetylcholine, Gastrin
 Intestinal: Cholecystokinin (CCK), Secretin

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3
Q

Role of HCO3- secreated by pancreas and how is its release controlled?

A

secreated by pancreatic duct cells controlled by AcH and Secretin, role is to neutralize acidic contents of stomach so that pancreatic enZ can work bc they need more neutral enviornment to fnx.

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4
Q

Where is lipase secreated from? What is its role?

A

Lingual, Gastric, Pancreatic

digest fats

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5
Q

What is needed along with pancreatic lipase to get uptake of fats?

A

need bile salts and a colipase–> breaks fats down to monoglyceride to be taken up by enterocytes

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6
Q

What are two key enZ need for digestion and absorption of fats? (not lipase)

A

phospholipase and cholesterol esterases

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7
Q

How are fats absorbed and transported?

A

Absorption is direct, with micelles and in the duodenum and jejunum
We use chylomicrons and VLDL to transport the fats within the blood

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8
Q

What cleaves peptide bonds?

A

proteases such as endopeptidases that cleave in center of proteins and peptides

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9
Q

What proteases are there in the stomach? What secreates them?

A

Stomach – Pepsinogen – from the Chief Cells

 Activated by acid and autoactivated to pepsin

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10
Q

What proteases are present in the duodenum and jejunum and what makes them?

A

make/secreated by alpha cells of pancreas
 Trypsinogen activated in the duodenum by epithelial enteropeptidase (enterokinase)
 Chymotrypsinogen and proelastase activated by trypsin

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11
Q

What proteases cleave proteins from the N or C terminal end of peptides and proteins?

A

Exopeptidases- oligopeptidases; at brush border

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12
Q

What two exopeptidases are present in the duodenum?

A

Carboxypeptidases; from alpha cell of pancreas

Aminopeptidase made by epithelial cells

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13
Q

How are proteins absorbed into the intestine?

A

Amino acid transporters in the duodenum and JJ that are:
 Amino acid class specific
 Dipeptide
 Tripeptide
Get help from epithelial cell tripeptidases and dipeptidase that take stuff to free aa

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14
Q

Where and how are carbs absorbed in the digestive tract?

A

absorbed in the duodenum and JJ via the SGLT1 and GLUT5 trpansporters

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15
Q

What is taken up in the distal duodenum and proximal Jejunum

A

lipids, monosachs, aa, small peptides

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16
Q

Functions of Thiamine/Vit B1

aka TPP or thiamine pyrophosphate

A

Cofactor in: pyruvate dehydrogenase, in Pentrose pathway

maintains neural membranes/nerve conduction via pH, myelin and NTs

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17
Q

 Polyneuropathy “dryberiberi”
 Dilated Cardiomyopathy “wet beriberi”
 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

Thiamine/ Vit B1 deficiency

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18
Q

What is the active form of Panthothenic Acid or Vit B5?

A

Coenzyme A oar acylc carrier protein

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19
Q

Function of Panthothenic acid or Vit B5

A

aa, carbohydrate, nucleic acid metabolism and fatty acid synthesis thus is KEY building block

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20
Q

If you don’t have enough of this you get dermatitis, enterisis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency: so all them epithelial cells get hit

A

Vit B5: Panthothenic acid

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21
Q

 Flavin mononucleotide(FMN) and Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are active forms of what vitamin? What do the do?

A

Riboflavin! or Vitamin B2

role in citric acid cycle for electron trasnport

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22
Q

What vitamin am i deficient in if i have cheilosis (scaling at corners mouth), dermatitis and corneal neovasculization?

A

Vit B2

think you have 2 eyes

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23
Q

What vitamin do i need for the NAD+, NADP, NADP+, NADPH?

A

Niacin, vit B3

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24
Q

Role of Niacin/Vit B3

A

carb, fat, aa and nucleic acid degredation, citric acid cycle, ETC, G6P DH in the Pentose path adn to make carbs, fats and aa

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25
Q

What vitamin deficiency causes glossitis and pellegra = diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia?

A

Vitamin B3 or niacin

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26
Q

What is a good source of niacin?

A

turkey; tryptophan

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27
Q

Function of Biotin/ Vit B7?

A

Carboxylase Cofactor; binds to CO2

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28
Q

Pt has dermatitis, hair loss (alopecia) and enteritis or upset GI, what could be the vit deficiency?

A

Vit B7 or Biotin (key carboxylase cofactor)

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29
Q

What is the active from of pyridoxin/Vit B6?

A

Pryidoxal phosphate coenzyme

30
Q

What functions is pyridoxal/VIt B6 or PLP involved in?

A

Amino acids degradation/conversion to other important molecules, Glycogen degradation, porphyrin synthesis

31
Q

Your pt has sideroblastic anemia, peripheral neuropathy, dermatitis and convulsions. What vitamin is deficient?

A

Vit B6 or pyridoxine or PLP

32
Q

What is the active form of Vit B9/folate and it’s function

A

Tetrahydrofolate and is carrier of one carbon units for synthesis of purnines, the dUMP pathway and SAM pathway

33
Q

Woman deficient in what vitamin is at risk for having a baby with neural tube defects or megaloblastic anemia?

A

Vit B9/folate

34
Q

this vitamin is key for Intrinsic Factor

A

Vit B12/ Cobalamin

35
Q

What is the function on Cobolamin/vit B12

A

Cofactor for 2 enZ: Methionine and mehtymalonly CoA

needed for TH4 Folate which is required for DNA synthesis and yelin synthesis

36
Q

Deficiency in this vitamin results in Demyelination, neural degeneration, megaloblastic anemia and fetal neural tube defects

A

Vit B12/ Cobalamin

37
Q

Where are most of the B vitamins absorbed? What about B12 specifically?

A

most absorbed in teh duodenum and JJ but Vit B 12 absorbed in the Ileum

38
Q

Where in the body is biotin/B7 made?

A

microbiota in the large intestine make that shit

39
Q

Function of Ascrobic Acid or Vitamin C

A

Antioxidant; helps Vit E and clears up ROS and cofactor of enZ to reduce metal ions
post-translation modification of proteins like COLLAGEN and makes hormones and NTs

40
Q

Deficiency in this vitamin leads to abnormal collagen crosslinking causing bleeding and scurvy

A

Vit A deficiency

41
Q

Vit E/Tocopherol is stored where? What is its role?

A

stored in adipose tissue, liver, muscle

Role: antioxidant; scavenges free radicals and is Recycled by Vit C

42
Q

Deficiency in this vitamin causes hemolytic anemia, msl weakness and demylination

A

Vit E/tocopherol

43
Q

Role of VitK

A

Cofactor for Vit K dependent gamma carboxylase that adds glutamate to pro-coagulation factors, modifies G1a residies to bind calcium

44
Q

What coags are Vit K dependent?

A

2,7,9,10 or (1972) and S and C

45
Q

Major sign of Vit K deficiency

A

bleeding

46
Q

What is the active form of Vit A that acts as a antioxidant and Vit A precursor?

A

B-Carotene

47
Q

What is the active form of Vit A that acts as the major transport form?

A

Retinol (vit A)

48
Q

What is the active form of Vit A that acts as a form key for VISION

A

11-cis-retinal or retinaldehyde

49
Q

What is the active form of Vit A that acts as a form key for Gene regulation

A

Retinoic Acid

50
Q

Retinoic Acid, a form of Vit A plays a key role in gene regulation for retinoid response gene expression; what type of cellular activity does this modulate?

A 
 Epithelial cell function
 Mucous cell function
 Immunity
 Reproduction
 Development
51
Q

Deficiency in this vit results in: night blindness, susceptibility to infection, dry scaly skin, cornea degenerations, alopecia, osteroporosis

A

Vit A

52
Q

Role of 11-cis retinal

A

binds Rhodopsin in rods and Cone pigments in

cones

53
Q

What are the forms of Vit D or Calciferols

A

Dietary in micells: D3 = animal and D2= plants
Hromone is D2
Acitve is 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D

54
Q

Where is Vit D distributed and stored?

A

distributed in chylomicrons and stored in the liver

55
Q

What is the function of Vit D?

A

Controls expression of Vit D responsive genes: Ca+ and Phosphate absorption in intestine, bone formatation/dissolution and renal retention of Ca+ and phosphate

56
Q

Besides gene regulation, what other functions does Vit D play?

A

cell cycle arrest, apoptsis, immune suppresion, anti-inflammation, differentiaiton

57
Q

What other vitamin does Vit D require?

A

needs retinoic acid thus needs A! binds RXR + 1,25 dyhydroxy Vit D and binds to VDR

58
Q

Deficiency of this vitamin leads to ricketts in children and adults get osteomalacia

A

Vit D deficiency

59
Q

Where are fat soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Duodenum and Jejunum

Vit D in the Illeum

60
Q

Where do microbiota make vit K?

A

in large intestine

61
Q

What vitamins have key role in gene expression?

A

Vit A, D, and others

62
Q

What vitamins are antioxidants?

A

Vit C, Vit E, and Carotene (A)

63
Q

What vitamins have role in postranlational modification?

A

Vit K and Vit C

64
Q

What vitamins have role in hematopoesis?

A

Vit K or Folate and Vit B12

65
Q

What are my two electron transfer molecule vitamins?

A

Riboflavin and Niacin

66
Q

Where are minerals abosobed?

A

stomach and along entire intestine

67
Q

Role of Iron

A

Oxygen transport and energy metabolism
makes up Heme: hemoglobin and myoglobin
Iron sulfur complexes: aconitase in citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
• Enzyme co-factor

68
Q

Mineral key for wound healing and spermatogenesis

A

Zinc

69
Q

Zinc is part of what components of enZ?

A
  • Component of enzymes (100+)
  • Oxidases
  • Metalloproteinases
  • Gene expression – Zn finger proteins
70
Q

What mineral is key for thyroid hormones?

A

Iodine

71
Q

Mineral that plays a role in: Antioxidant, electron transport, Collagen crosslinking,
Development

A

Copper

72
Q

• Oxidation reactions including electron transport -
Cytochrome C oxidase, tyrosinase
• Neurotransmitter regulation – dopamine-β-oxidase
• Antioxidants - Superoxide dismutase
• Collagen crosslinking enzymes – Lysyl oxidase

A

Copper

GI 3 (15 decks)

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