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USMLE - Metabolism Flashcards > Nutrition & Vitamins > Flashcards

Nutrition & Vitamins Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

B1

A

Thiamine (TPP)

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2
Q

B2

A

Riboflavin (FAD, FMN)

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3
Q

B3

A

Niacin (NAD+)

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4
Q

B5

A

Pantothenic acid, CoA

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5
Q

B6

A

Pyroxidine (PLP)

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6
Q

B7

A

Biotin

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7
Q

B9

A

Folate

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8
Q

B12

A

Cobalamin

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9
Q

C

A

Ascorbic Acid

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10
Q

Vitamin A (retinol)

A

Antioxidant, constituent of visual pigments, essential for normal differentiation of epithelial cells into specialized tissue (pancreatic cells, mucus-secreting cells), prevents squamous metaplasia

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11
Q

Treats measles and AML, subtype 3

A

Vitamin A

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12
Q

Sxn: Night blindness, dry scaly sin, alopecia, corneal degeneration

A

Vitamin A Defiency

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13
Q

Found in Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-keto dehydrogenase, transketolase, branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase

A

Vitamin B1 (Thamine)

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14
Q

Sxn: Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome + Beriberi

A

Thiamine (B1) deficiency –> malnutrition + alcoholism

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15
Q

Sxn: Dermatitis, sores on mouth, cheilosis (inflammation of lips, scales at corners of mouth, corneal vascularization

A

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) deficiency

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16
Q

Component of FAD and FMN

A

B2 (Riboflavin)

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17
Q

Component of NAD+, NADP+

A

B3 (Niacin)

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18
Q

Use for B3 (Niacin)

A

Synthesis requires B2 and B6, Used to treat Dyslipidemia (lowers VLDL, increases HDL)

19
Q

Sxn: Glossitis, Pellagra (Dermatitis, Dementia, Diarrhea)

A

B3 (Niacin deficiency)

20
Q

Component of Coenzyme A (CoA) and Fatty acid synthase

A

B5 (Pantothenate)

21
Q

Sxn: Dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency

A

B5 (Pantothenate) deficiency

22
Q

Converted to pyridoxal phosphate, cofactor in transamination (AST and ALT), Decarboxylation rxn, glycogen phosphorylase. Synthesis of Cystathionine, heme, niacin, histamine, neurotransmitters

A

B6 (Pyridoxine)

23
Q

Sxn: Convulsions, hyperirritability, peripheral neuropathy, sideroblastic anemia, cheilosis (B2), Glossitis & dermatitis (B3)

A

B6 (Pyridoxine) deficiency

24
Q

Cofactor in carboxylation enzymes (Pyruvate carboxylase, Acetyl CoA Carboxylase, Propionyl-CoA carboxylase)

A

B7 (Biotin)

25
Q

Dermatitis, alopecia, enteritis caused by excessive consuption of egg whites, antibiotic use

A

B7 (Biotin) Deficiency

26
Q

Converted to Tetrahydrofolate (THF); important for synthesis of nitrogenous baes in DNA and RNA

A

B9 (Folic Acid) –> Absorbed in jejunum

27
Q

Sxn: Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia, NO Neurological symptoms, glossitis

A

Folic Acid (B9) deficiency

28
Q

Labs in folic acid deficiency

A

Increased serum homocysteine, normal methylmalonic acid

29
Q

Labs in B12 deficiency

A

Both increased serum homocysteine and methylmalonic acid

30
Q

Sxn: macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia, paresthesias, neurological symptoms,

A

B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency

31
Q

Reasons for B12 deficiency

A

1) Intake (veganism) 2) Malabsorption (Celiac, enteritis, Diphyllobothrium latum) 3) Intrinsic factor deficiency (pernicious anemia, gastric bypass) 4) Absense of terminal ileum (Crohn Disease)

32
Q

Absorption for B12, Folate, Iron

A

B12 (Terminal ileum), Folate (Jejunum), Iron (Duodenum)

33
Q

Antioxidant, Reduces iron to Fe2+ state (increased absorption), hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis,

A

Vitamin C

34
Q

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, increased risk of iron toxicity in predisposed individuals

A

Vitamin C EXCESS

35
Q

What is 1) D2, 2) D3 , 3) 25-OH D3, 4) 1-25-OH2-D3?

A

D2 = Ergocalciferol, D3 = Cholecalciferol, 25-OH D3 (storage form), 1-25-OH2-D3 (calcitriol, active form)

36
Q

Sxn: Rickets, Osteomalacia, hypocalcemic tetany

A

Vitamin D deficiency

37
Q

Functions in intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, increased bone mineralization

A

Vitamin D Deficiency

38
Q

Hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, loss of appetite, stupor, seen in sarcoidosis

A

Vitamin D EXCESS, In sarcoidosis, increased activation of Vit. D. by epitheliod macrophages

39
Q

Antioxidant (protects erythrocytes and membranes from free radical damage)

A

Vitamin E

40
Q

Sxn: hemolytic anemia acathocytosis, muscle weakness, posterior column and spinocerebellar tract demyelination

A

Vitamin E Deficiency (similar to sxn of B12 def, but no megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented neutrophils, or increased serum methylmalonic acid)

41
Q

Neonatal hemorrhage with increased PT and aPTT (normal bleeding time) –> not in breast milk

A

Vitamin K deficiency

42
Q

Cofactor fo gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid for blood clotting

A

Vitamin K

43
Q

Delayed wound healing, infertility, decreased adult hair, acrodermatitis enteropathica (periorificial and acral dermatitis), alopecia, diarrhea

A

Zinc Deficiency

44
Q

Important for formation of transcription factor

A

Zinc (Zinc finger transcription factor motif)

USMLE - Metabolism Flashcards (12 decks)

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