Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophys, GI LIver Cancer > Nutrition, Starvation > Flashcards

Nutrition, Starvation Flashcards

1
Q

3 basic stages of catabolism of food

A
  1. Break down all food/nutrients into basic monomers
  2. Convert all basic monomers into Acetyl CoA to
  3. Feed Citric Acid Cycle and gain energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fats break down into

A

Fatty Acids and Glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Constructing molecules from smaller stuff

A

Anabolism

a block ANAnother block ANAnother block

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 stages of anabolism

A
  1. Precursors: amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides
  2. Use ATP (phosphorylation) to turn these precursors into activated forms
  3. Assemble activated precursors into complex molecules (polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many saccharides in complex carbs

A

3 OR MORE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lipid energy vs carb energy

A

Lipids provide twice the amount of energy as an equal mass of carbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What makes essential fatty acids so essential?

A

WE CAN’T MAKE THEM IN OUR BODIES SO WE HAVE TO EAT EM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

name 2 essential fatty acids

A

Linoleic Acid

Linolinic Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Omega 3 foods ______ can help with these conditions_____

A

Sardines, salmon, walnuts, flax seeds

cardiovascular, fatigue, dry skin, joint pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many essential amino acids are there

A

NINE. THERE ARE 9. NEIN.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

1 important essential amino acid you should know

A

TRYPTOPHAN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

1 important “conditional” amino acids you should know

A

TYROSINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What makes an amino acid “conditional” (like tyrosine?) AND WHEN DO YOU NEED THEM MOST

A

It can be made by the body, but not very efficiently

Need them most in illness, stress, poor nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What fraction of calories should be from fat?

A

1/3

ONE THIRD FAT, ONE THIRD FAT, ONE THIRD FAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

HOW MUCH SALT / DAY, MAXIMUM?

A

< 2300 mg !! JEEEZ!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the absorptive state

A

Anabolism exceeds catabolism

Driven by insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which hormones are at work int he post absorptive state

A

3-5 hours after digestion of meal - FASTING

Increased Glucagon! Maintaining stable plasma glucose (70-110)

Decreased insulin!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which cells are good at converting glucose into triglycerides

A

Liver cells and fat cells (adiposcytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe neuro-endo control of absorptive state

A

Insulin dominant, parasympathetic storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe neuro-endo control of post absorptive

A

Glucagon dominant, sympathetic breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

SYmpathetic nervous system effect on blood glucose

A

Breaks down glycogen
Gluconeogenesis in liver
Break down fat (fat cells)

22
Q

Net result of cortisol in metabolism

A

increase plasma concentrations of
AMINO ACIDS
GLUCOSE
FREE FATTY ACIDS

23
Q

Growth hormone effects on metabolism

A

Similar to cortisol - get it out so you can use it

Opposite of insulin

24
Q

Why do cushiness patients have central obesity and muscle wasting?

A

They store fat in fat cells and CATABOLIZE PROTEINS (muscle tissues)

25
Q

Total energy expenditure =

A

Internal heat produced + external work performed + energy stored

26
Q

4 things that contribute to a lower BMR

A
  1. Being female
  2. Getting old
  3. Not getting enough sleep
  4. Fasting
27
Q

How many calories = 1 lb?

A

3500 cals!

28
Q

1 nutritional calorie = how many biochem calls?

A

1,000 biochem cals!

29
Q

What immune active gene is associated w obesity

A

TLR-5 deficiency

30
Q

Describe the normal function of leptin

A

High Leptin levels = less hungry, more busy

triggers you to stop eating and start burning

31
Q

Describe process and effect of leptin desensitization

A

Consistently high levels of leptin, from high fat, leads to desensitization (to leptin)

As a result, leptin does not trigger satiety - leads to more eating, and more conserving energy - positive feedback

32
Q

Causes of secondary malnutrition

A
  1. Loss of appetite (from cancer, infection)
  2. BMR change (HIV, infection, fever)
  3. Decreased nutrient absorption (GI stuff)
  4. Parasites
33
Q

Causes of primary malnutrition

A

Not enough food. protein-calorie

34
Q

Protein-energy malnutrition at <1 year of age can lead to

A

Marasmus, permanently stunted growth

35
Q

Symptoms of Marasmus

A

Dry skin
loose folds of skin

Slow heart rate
Low blood pressure
Drowsiness
Irritability
Big appetite
36
Q

What differentiates Kwashiorkor from Marasmus?

A

Marasmus is deficiency in ALL energy

Kwashi is deficiency in PROTEIN - leads to EDEMA, SWOLLEN BELLY

37
Q

What happens to blood glucose in starvation

A

Drops to 35-60mg/dl WITHOUT clinical symptoms!! WAAOOOWWW

38
Q

Why do serum electrolytes stay stable in starvation/

A

RENAL CONSERVATION KICKS IN IMMEDIATELY

39
Q

How long does it take for urine output to drop in starvation

A

1 week

40
Q

At what point in starvation does negative nitrogen balance occur

A

First 5-7 days

41
Q

At what point in starvation does negative nitrogen balance decrease significantly

A

1 month

42
Q

In starvation, non-gluocse energy sources are used for all cells EXCEPT

A

RBCs
WBCs
CNS

43
Q

What happens with serum albumin level in starvation

A

Albumin level is normal until LATE starvation

44
Q

In starvation, what hormonal changes are responsible for the mobilization and oxidation of fat? (aka, releasing and making fat usable for energy - ketones, free fatty acids etc)

A

Insulin levels decrease

Glucagon levels increase

Coritsol and Growth Hormone stays the same

45
Q

What kind of changes will lower the BMR in starvation?

A

Changes in Sympathetic Nervous System and Thyroid Hormone concentrations

46
Q

In refeeding syndrome, decreased sodium excretion leads to what complications

A

Fluid retention in first few days

Then leads to Pulmonary Edema and CHF

47
Q

How does refeeding screw up the respiratory system

A

Starving person can’t handle the Increased CO2 and O2 production because of respiratory muscle wasting

48
Q

GI complaints with refeeding

A

Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting

49
Q

Thiamine deficiency’s role in referring syndrome

A

Thiamine is needed for carb metabolism, so when carbs are reintroduced without thiamine, you get weird thiamine deficiency symptoms (neuro, tachy, cardiomegaly)

50
Q

Carb refeeding in B1 (thiamine) deficient patients can lead to

A

Wernick’es encephalopathy

51
Q

What does weight gain > 1 kg in the first week of refeeding indicate?

A

Fluid retention

52
Q

What electrolytes do you need more of in refeeding?

A

Additional phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and thiamin are required (anticipate that they will move intracellular very rapidly)

Pathophys, GI LIver Cancer (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions