CANCER

Question 1

Things cancer cells do

Answer 1

1. turn proto-onco to oncogenes
2. evade growth suppressors
3. inactiate cadherins so they can activate adhesion and metastasize
4. Reactivate embryonic telomerase for immortality
5. Produce vascular growth factors
6. Resist cell death / apoptosis

Question 2

Mechanisms that reduce apoptosis:

Answer 2

IGF’s, loss of contact inhibition, decreased p53

Question 3

HER2/neu is associated w

Answer 3

breast cancer

Question 4

Rb and P53

Answer 4

tumor suppressor genes, associated w many different cancers

Question 5

Rb

Answer 5

Retinoblastoma

Question 6

Treatment for HER2 mutation

Answer 6

Herceptin - blocks over expressed growth factors

Question 7

HER2 and breast cancer

Answer 7

A gene that codes for a growth factor receptor

25-30% of breast cancers over-express HER2/neu, and thus are hyper-responsive to the effects of growth factors

Question 8

“Guardians of the genome”

Answer 8

TUMOR SUPRESSORS

Question 9

What is often the first mutation in a developing cancer

Answer 9

Tumor Suppressors

Question 10

What will initiate cell apoptosis if the DNA is irreparable

Answer 10

p53 !!!! unless it’s mutated - then you’ll get cancer

Question 11

Mutations in regulatory region of p53 results in

Answer 11

decreased AMOUNT of p53

Question 12

Mutations in protein coding region of p53 results in

Answer 12

fucked up ACTIVITY of p53

Question 13

Which virus can fuck up p53 and how

Answer 13

HPV - inactivates p53

Question 14

Two therapy methodologies for targeting cancer DNA

Answer 14

Ionizing radiation

Chemo

Question 15

How does HER2 mutation generally cause cancer

Answer 15

Over expressed growth factor

Question 16

the study of functions and interactions of all the genes in the genome, including their interactions with environmental factors.

Answer 16

GENOMICS

Question 17

the study of the

gene-environment-host interaction that leads to disease or disease progression

Answer 17

MEDICAL perspective of genomics

Question 18

Translocation in germ cells vs translocation in somatic cells

Answer 18

In germ cells, you will LOSE genetic information with translocation - and you inherit the disorder

In somatic cells, translocation can result in gene fusion and the creation of a new protein - “BALANCE translocation” - and it’s acquired, not inherited

Question 19

Example of a somatic “balanced” translocation that leads to cancer

Answer 19

Philadelphia chromosome - leads to CML

Question 20

Result of philadelphia chromosome

Answer 20

The resulting protein is a tyrosine kinase which activates multiple oncogenic pathways

keep the cell cycle turned on and inhibit DNA repair

Question 21

Percentage of cancers that are hereditary

Answer 21

5-10%

Question 22

Perentage of cancers that are familial - lifestyle etc

Answer 22

15-20%

Question 23

BRCA 1 / 2 associated with

Answer 23

BREAST AND OVARIAN CANCER

Question 24

APC,MYH

Answer 24

COLON CANCER / COLON POLYPS

Question 25

MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2

Answer 25

Lynch Syndrome aka HNPCC (non poyp colon cancer)

AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT

Question 26

risk of cancer in BRCA1 mutation

Answer 26

50-80% breast cancer risk females

60% ovarian cancer risk

Question 27

BRCA2 risk

Answer 27

40-85% risk of invasive breast carcinoma-females

Question 28

Epithelial neoplasm with features of malignancy, but NO invasion through the basement membrane
Typically considered a significant risk factor for development of invasive cancerIN

Answer 28

In-Situ malignancy

it’s “in place” hasn’t metastasized