NUTRITION PATHOLOGY!!!!1 Flashcards
An appropriate diet should provide
energy, carbs, fats, proteins
essential & nonessential AA and fatty acids
vitamins and minerals
malnutrition
absence of an appropriate diet
Primary malnutrition
one or a combination of previous components are missing from the diet
Three common causes of secondary malnutrition
GI diseases - diarrhea, surgery decreases absorption of vitamins
Chronic wasting disease - cancer and cachexia
acute illness - blood loss leads Iron deficiency
Secondary malnutrition
supply of nutrients is adequate but insufficient due to malabsorption, impaired utilization, storage, excess losses or increased demand
Types of malnutrition seen in Poor, homeless, elderly
protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
trace nutrient deficiencies
In US, Primary malnutrition seen in
neglect and ignorance
-some communities, Long term care facilities, acute care hospitals
Common failures in primary nutrition seen for which demographic of ppl?
infants, teens, pregnant women - increased nutritional needs
Fe deficiency
microcytic anemia
Vit D deficiency
osteomalisia
rickets
Folic acid deficiency
fetal neural tube defects
Sometimes primary malnutrition is due to ignorance about nutritional content, some examples include
iron deficiency in infants who are given Bovine or soy based milk (human milk has iron) Polished rice -> thiamine deficiency Iodine deficiency (Goiters)
Self imposed malnutrition
Alcoholism
Bulimia
fad diets
Failure to recognize thiamine deficiency in chronic alcoholism can result in
irreversible brain damage (wernicke korsakoff encephalopathy)
Acquired PEM - Alcoholism
lacking in several vitamins
from combo - dietary deficiency, malabsorption, abnormal utilization or storage, increased metabolic needs, increased loss of B6, B1, Folate, vit A
lack of Pyridoxine (B6)
seizures, chelosis (seen at edge of the mouth)
Anemia, depression
Folate deficiency
Macrocytic anemia
lack of Thiamine B1
Dry beriberi - neurologic
Wet beriberi - cardiac
Wenicke-Korsakoff syndrome (alcoholics)
Vit A deficiency
night blindness
Anorexia
Self-induced starvation resulting in marked weight loss
Bulimia
A condition where pt binges on food and then induces vomiting
What does illness tend to do to the basal metabolic rate and why?
Increase because more requirements needed for TNF and IL-1
What are the characteristics of Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)?
Range of symptoms focused on a dietary intake of protein and/ calories to meet the body’s needs
If there is an issue with the somatic compartment of proteins (in skeletal muscle) what could it be?
Marasmus
If there is an issue with the visceral compartment of proteins (like in the organs) what could it be?
Kwashiorkor
When would secondary PEM be observed in a pt?
Chronically ill or hospitalized pts
Cachexia pts with advanced cancer
What substance will irreversibly bind to biotin which can cause a B7 deficiency?
Raw eggs - avidin
Vit B2 (riboflavin) deficiency
Cheliosis
Vit B3 (niacin) deficiency
Pellagra, diarrhea, insomnia, dementia, dermatitis
Casal’s necklace
Vit B5 (panthothenic acid) deficiency
Ance, paresthesia
Vit B7 (biotin) deficiency
Vit H-none in adult, growth and CNS disorder and cradle cap in infants
Vit B9 (folic acid) deficiency
Vit M-macrocytic anemia
Assistant to B12, neutral tube defects (spina bifida)
Vit B12 (cobalamins) deficiency
Assn with pernicious anemia, macrocytic anemia
What are the functions of Vit A?
Maintaining normal vision in reduced light
Potentiating the difference of specialized epithelial cells, mainly mucus-secreting cells
Enhancing immunity to infections
Retinoids, B-carotene, antioxidative agents
What is a major source of Vit D?
Endogenous synth by way of the energy from solar or UV light radiation
1,2OH2D from Vit D stimulates the uptake of what?
Ca++ and PO4
Describe rickets.
Vit D deficiency
Osteomalacia in adults
Dec synth of Ca++ leading to bone weakness
Describe scurvy.
Vit C deficiency
Bone disease in growing children and by hemorrhages and healing defects in children and adults
Describe vit E.
Major antioxidant
Scavenges free radicals
Spinocerebellar degeneration (deficiency)
Describe vit K.
Cofactor in hepatic carboxylation of procoagulants
-Factor II prothrombin, VII, IX and X; and proteins C and S
Bleeding diathesis (deficiency)
Which trace element is the most common deficiency?
Iron
What is iron essential for?
Component of hemoglobulin as well as several iron-containing metalloenzymes
What could occur if someone is deficient in iron?
Hypochromic microcytic anemia
What is iodine a component of?
Thyroid hormone
What happens in an iodine deficiency?
Goiter and hypothyroidism
What is copper a component for?
Cytochrome c oxidase Dopamine b-hydroxylase Tyrosinase Lysyl oxidase Cross-linking
If there isn’t enough copper uptake what occurs?
Muscle weakness
Absorption interference
Neuro defects
Abnormal collagen-linking
