NUTRITION PATHOLOGY!!!!1

Question 0

An appropriate diet should provide

Answer 0

energy, carbs, fats, proteins
essential & nonessential AA and fatty acids
vitamins and minerals

Question 1

malnutrition

Answer 1

absence of an appropriate diet

Question 3

Primary malnutrition

Answer 3

one or a combination of previous components are missing from the diet

Question 3

Three common causes of secondary malnutrition

Answer 3

GI diseases - diarrhea, surgery decreases absorption of vitamins
Chronic wasting disease - cancer and cachexia
acute illness - blood loss leads Iron deficiency

Question 4

Secondary malnutrition

Answer 4

supply of nutrients is adequate but insufficient due to malabsorption, impaired utilization, storage, excess losses or increased demand

Question 5

Types of malnutrition seen in Poor, homeless, elderly

Answer 5

protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

trace nutrient deficiencies

Question 6

In US, Primary malnutrition seen in

Answer 6

neglect and ignorance

-some communities, Long term care facilities, acute care hospitals

Question 7

Common failures in primary nutrition seen for which demographic of ppl?

Answer 7

infants, teens, pregnant women - increased nutritional needs

Question 8

Fe deficiency

Answer 8

microcytic anemia

Question 9

Vit D deficiency

Answer 9

osteomalisia

rickets

Question 10

Folic acid deficiency

Answer 10

fetal neural tube defects

Question 11

Sometimes primary malnutrition is due to ignorance about nutritional content, some examples include

Answer 11

iron deficiency in infants who are given Bovine or soy based milk (human milk has iron) 
Polished rice -> thiamine deficiency 
Iodine deficiency (Goiters)

Question 12

Self imposed malnutrition

Answer 12

Alcoholism
Bulimia
fad diets

Question 13

Failure to recognize thiamine deficiency in chronic alcoholism can result in

Answer 13

irreversible brain damage (wernicke korsakoff encephalopathy)

Question 14

Acquired PEM - Alcoholism

Answer 14

lacking in several vitamins
from combo - dietary deficiency, malabsorption, abnormal utilization or storage, increased metabolic needs, increased loss of B6, B1, Folate, vit A

Question 16

lack of Pyridoxine (B6)

Answer 16

seizures, chelosis (seen at edge of the mouth)

Anemia, depression

Question 16

Folate deficiency

Answer 16

Macrocytic anemia

Question 17

lack of Thiamine B1

Answer 17

Dry beriberi - neurologic
Wet beriberi - cardiac
Wenicke-Korsakoff syndrome (alcoholics)

Question 19

Vit A deficiency

Answer 19

night blindness

Question 20

Anorexia

Answer 20

Self-induced starvation resulting in marked weight loss

Question 21

Bulimia

Answer 21

A condition where pt binges on food and then induces vomiting

Question 22

What does illness tend to do to the basal metabolic rate and why?

Answer 22

Increase because more requirements needed for TNF and IL-1

Question 23

What are the characteristics of Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)?

Answer 23

Range of symptoms focused on a dietary intake of protein and/ calories to meet the body’s needs

Question 24

If there is an issue with the somatic compartment of proteins (in skeletal muscle) what could it be?

Answer 24

Marasmus

Question 25

If there is an issue with the visceral compartment of proteins (like in the organs) what could it be?

Answer 25

Kwashiorkor

Question 26

When would secondary PEM be observed in a pt?

Answer 26

Chronically ill or hospitalized pts | Cachexia pts with advanced cancer

Question 27

What substance will irreversibly bind to biotin which can cause a B7 deficiency?

Answer 27

Raw eggs - avidin

Question 28

Vit B2 (riboflavin) deficiency

Answer 28

Cheliosis

Question 29

Vit B3 (niacin) deficiency

Answer 29

Pellagra, diarrhea, insomnia, dementia, dermatitis | Casal's necklace

Question 30

Vit B5 (panthothenic acid) deficiency

Answer 30

Ance, paresthesia

Question 31

Vit B7 (biotin) deficiency

Answer 31

Vit H-none in adult, growth and CNS disorder and cradle cap in infants

Question 32

Vit B9 (folic acid) deficiency

Answer 32

Vit M-macrocytic anemia | Assistant to B12, neutral tube defects (spina bifida)

Question 33

Vit B12 (cobalamins) deficiency

Answer 33

Assn with pernicious anemia, macrocytic anemia

Question 34

What are the functions of Vit A?

Answer 34

Maintaining normal vision in reduced light Potentiating the difference of specialized epithelial cells, mainly mucus-secreting cells Enhancing immunity to infections Retinoids, B-carotene, antioxidative agents

Question 35

What is a major source of Vit D?

Answer 35

Endogenous synth by way of the energy from solar or UV light radiation

Question 36

1,2OH2D from Vit D stimulates the uptake of what?

Answer 36

Ca++ and PO4

Question 37

Describe rickets.

Answer 37

Vit D deficiency Osteomalacia in adults Dec synth of Ca++ leading to bone weakness

Question 38

Describe scurvy.

Answer 38

Vit C deficiency | Bone disease in growing children and by hemorrhages and healing defects in children and adults

Question 39

Describe vit E.

Answer 39

Major antioxidant Scavenges free radicals Spinocerebellar degeneration (deficiency)

Question 40

Describe vit K.

Answer 40

Cofactor in hepatic carboxylation of procoagulants -Factor II prothrombin, VII, IX and X; and proteins C and S Bleeding diathesis (deficiency)

Question 41

Which trace element is the most common deficiency?

Answer 41

Iron

Question 42

What is iron essential for?

Answer 42

Component of hemoglobulin as well as several iron-containing metalloenzymes

Question 43

What could occur if someone is deficient in iron?

Answer 43

Hypochromic microcytic anemia

Question 44

What is iodine a component of?

Answer 44

Thyroid hormone

Question 45

What happens in an iodine deficiency?

Answer 45

Goiter and hypothyroidism

Question 46

What is copper a component for?

Answer 46

``` Cytochrome c oxidase Dopamine b-hydroxylase Tyrosinase Lysyl oxidase Cross-linking ```

Question 47

If there isn't enough copper uptake what occurs?

Answer 47

Muscle weakness Absorption interference Neuro defects Abnormal collagen-linking