Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

SMP - MNE Exam 1 > Nutrition Module #1: Nutrition for Young Children > Flashcards

Nutrition Module #1: Nutrition for Young Children Flashcards

1
Q

During what life stage does the most rapid growth occur? What are 2 examples of this rapid growth?

A

Infancy

  1. Weight triples in year 1
  2. Length increases by 50% in year 1
  3. Brain triples in weight (linear growth)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 5 necessary nutrients for brain development?

A
  1. Docosahexanoic acid (omega 3 eicosanoid FA): DHA
  2. Choline
  3. Iron
  4. Folate
  5. Taurine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

During what life stage do nutrient needs peak?

A

Adolescence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does the body composition change during early to late childhood?

A

Fat decreases

Muscles increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the body composition change during adolescence for males and females?

A

Males: increase lean muscle mass
Females: increase body fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When does an infant (0-36 mos) growth chart warrant further examination?

A
  • Above 98th percentile
  • Below 2nd percentile
  • Changes across 2 percentile lines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When does a child (more than 36 mos) growth chart warrant further examination?

A
  • Above 85th percentile

- Below 5th percentile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How to interpret BMI values?

A
  • Above 95th percentile: obese
  • Between 85th and 95th percentile: overweight
  • Between 5th and 85th percentile: normal
  • Below 5th percentile: underweight
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 most critical nutrients for children?

A
  1. DHA
  2. Calcium
  3. Iron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 4 vitamins that are important for children fat development?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 nutrients that are important for children muscle development?

A
  1. Protein

2. Vitamin C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 nutrients that are important for children bone development?

A
  1. Calcium
  2. Phosphorus
  3. Vitamin D
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the 1 nutrient that is important for children reproductive development?

A

Zinc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 nutrients that are important for children circulatory system development?

A
  1. Iron
  2. Folate
  3. B12
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do the nutritional requirements of children compare to those of adults?

A

Kids have higher requirements PER KG than adults but adults have higher absolute requirements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do calcium requirements change with age?

A

They increase until age 1 and then they decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are 2 important nutrients in beef?

A
  1. Iron

2. Zinc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 4 common nutrition-related problems in children?

A
  1. Anemia
  2. Overweight
  3. Poor dental health
  4. Growth retardation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are 3 limitations of the BMI charts to screen for obesity?

A
  1. Data is from the 60s and 70s (more than 5% of the pop could be obese)
  2. May classify overweight children as normal
  3. Not sensitive enough for height, fat distribution, musculature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How much weight should an infant be gaining every day for the first 3 months?

A

~30 g/day once birth weight is regained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Do we have cutoff values to determine failure to thrive?

A

NOPE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How are weight and height affected with failure to thrive?

A

Weight gain slows first and then height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 3 criteria to determine failure to thrive?

A
  1. Weight, length, or stature for age OR weight for stature below the 5th percentile
  2. Weight below 50th percentile
  3. Drop in weight or stature measurements across 2 or more major percentile lines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are brain solids mostly made of?

A

Fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What 3 nutrients are needed for choline synthesis?
1. Folate 2. B12 3. Methionine
26
What is choline an important precursor for? 3 things
1. Phosphatidyl choline 2. Sphingomyelin 3. ACh
27
What is taurine?
Sulfur containing conditionally essential AA
28
What are some important roles of taurine with regards to the developing brain and 2 other important functions?
1. Brain osmoregulation 2. Neuroprotection 3. Neuromodulation 4. Protects retinal photoreceptor 5. Fat absorption
29
Where is choline obtained?
1. Diet: milk, plant and animal foods (widely available) | 2. Synthesis
30
In what foods is taurine obtained?
Milk, seafood, meat
31
What are the 3 main roles of iron?
1. Cofactor for NT and hormone synthesis 2. Myelin production 3. Rate of mRNA translation
32
What is the most common nutrient deficiency?
Iron
33
What does iron deficiency in kids cause? 7 things
1. Delayed speech 2. Impaired growth 3. Delayed cognitive development 4. Anemia 5. Increased cancer risk 6. Altered hair/nail texture 7. Impaired immune function
34
What are 2 groups at risk for iron deficiency?
1. Poor | 2. Older infants consuming mostly milk
35
What are 7 food sources of iron?
1. Milks 2. Cereal 3. Meat 4. Chichen 5. Fish 6. Legumes 7. Spinach
36
When is iron uptake maximal?
Infancy
37
What are adverse reactions from high folate intake from foods?
None
38
How long does it take for the iron stores to deplete after birth?
6 months
39
Is milk a good source of vitamin D? Is cheese? Yoghurt?
Milk yes, but cheese and yoghurt are not
40
Where is DHA most abundant?
Brain cell membranes and photoreceptor rods
41
What are 3 food sources of DHA
1. Omega-3 fish (salmon) 2. Seafood 3. Human milk
42
When should solid foods be introduced to infants?
Around 6 months
43
Describe the transition from liquid to solid foods.
- Birth: 100% liquid - 6 mos: semi-solid foods - 6-8 mos: strained fruits/veggies - 1 yr: strained meats/dairy (70% liquid/30% solid)
44
What are 5 potential complications of introducing solid foods too soon?
1. Allergies 2. Diarrhea 3. Renal overload 4. Inadequate human milk production 5. Disturbed dynamics around eating
45
What 2 nutrient deficiencies can be caused by delayed the introduction of solid foods?
1. Iron | 2. Zinc
46
What are the 5 signs of a food allergy?
1. Rash 2. Vomiting 3. Diarrhea 4. Irritability 5. Wheezing
47
What are the 2 main differences between food allergies and intolerances?
1. Immune vs metabolic responde | 2. Permanent vs potentially transient
48
How is most water absorbed by cells?
Energy dependent Na+/Glc transporter (SGLT-1)
49
How does water leave cells?
Aquaporins
50
How much water is absorbed each day by the intestine?
4L
51
What causes diarrhea?
Inability of intestine to absorb water and electrolytes from stool
52
How to treat dehydration from diarrhea?
Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) = water + glucose + electrolytes = 245 mosm/L
53
What is the main cause of death of kids under 5?
Diarrhea
54
Should feedings be discontinued during ORT?
NOPE
55
If a certain digestive enzyme is compromised because of an intestinal infection, should the kid stop eating certain foods?
NOPE
56
What are the 2 ways to synthesize non-essential AAs?
1. Transamination: N transfer from AA to alpha-ketoacid | 2. Amination: N transfer to an alpha-ketoacid
57
What nutrient is needed for transamination? Why?
B6 bc precursor for pyridoxal-5-phosphate which is a cofactor for all enzymes that transfer N groups from 1 AA to the other
58
What are 2 symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency?
1. Slows growth | 2. Neuron damage
59
What is a symptom of excess B6?
Sensory neuropathy
60
What is Marasmus? 3 symptoms?
Wasting disease caused by lack of protein and energy from diet Symptoms: apathy, lower body temp, emaciated appearance
61
What is Kwashiorkor? 2 symptoms?
Caused by adequate energy intake, but insufficient protein | Symptoms: bloated belly, edematous limbs
62
Can all AAs be catabolized for energy?
YUP
63
What are the 2 types of AAs? Describe each.
1. Glucogenic: generate pyruvate or TCA intermediates for gluconeogenesis 2. Ketogenic: generate acetyl-CoA or ketone bodies
64
Which 2 AAs are neither glucogenic nor ketogenic?
Gly and Ser
65
What is phenylketonuria? Symptom? Treatment?
Defective Phe hydrolase = Phe cannot be converted to Tyr = excess Phe Symptom: severe and irreversible dementia Treatment: stop eating Phe
66
What is homocysteinemia? 4 symptoms? Treatment?
Defective cystathione B-synthase = homocysteine cannot be converted to Cys = excess homocysteine Symptoms: eye abnormalities, mental retardation, CVD, osteoporosis Treatment: reduce Met intake (homocysteine precursor) and take Cys supplement
67
What is maple syrup urine disease? Symptom? Treatment?
Defective alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex for branches AAs = cannot be converted to acetyl CoA = excess Val/Leu/Ile Symptom: severe mental retardation Treatment: stop eating them and take thiamin supplement (cofactor)
68
What are 3 genetic defects in AA metabolism? Which is most common?
1. phenylketonuria (most common) 2. homocysteinemia 3. maple syrup urine disease
69
What are the 4 factors to assess protein quality?
1. AA composition 2. Ability to sustain growth 3. Effect on N retention 4. Presence of antinutritive factors
70
What is an example of a protein with an antinutritive factor?
Some beans contain a trypsin inhibitor
71
What does a protein's ability to sustain growth depend on? 3 factors.
1. Consumed amount 2. Bioavailability 3. AA composition
72
Do all proteins contain all essential AAs?
YUP but amounts vary
73
What proteins have a high ability to sustain growth?
Animal and soy products
74
What proteins have a low ability to sustain growth?
Grains and legumes
75
Can complimentary vegetarian protein diets match the high quality of animal protein diets?
Yeah but they may need to eat 25% more in terms of quantity
76
What is the standard method to determine protein quality?
IOM's Protein Digestibility Corrected AA Score (PDCAAS)
77
When should fat consumption be increased to 20-35% of energy intake?
Between 2 and 5
78
By what age should kids have made the full transition to an adult diet?
5
79
What kind of milk should be drank before 2?
Whole milk only
80
What are the 3 most common nutritional issues with preschoolers in the US?
1. Iron deficiency 2. Lack of fiber/fluids = constipation 3. Cavities
81
What are the 8 foods that are choking hazards and should not be given until 4 or 6 yo?
1. Popcorn 2. Whole grapes 3. Cherries with pits 4. Hot dog slides 5. Hard candies 6. Nuts/seeds 7. Celery 8. Peanut butter spoon
82
What is the treatment for failure to thrive?
Catch-up growth with increased food intake
83
By how much are protein requirements increased during failure to thrive treatment?
1.5-2 x more
84
What is the most common cause of failure to thrive?
Improper diet
85
What are the 3 main roles of iron?
1. O2 transport 2. ROS defense 3. Metabolism
86
What are the 4 symptoms of iron toxicity?
1. Discolored skin 2. Cirrhosis 3. Hepatosplenomegaly 4. Cardiomyopathy
87
What are the 4 proteins that increase iron uptake?
1. Dcytb 2. DMT1 3 Ferroportin 4. Tpr
88
What is the 1 protein that sequesters iron?
Ferritin
89
How do we loose iron?
Feces
90
What are the 2 mechanisms to avoid excess iron?
1. Increase ferritin | 2. Decrease ferroportin
91
What are the 5 main roles of copper?
1. Cofactor for cyt C 2. ROS defense 3. Iron metabolism 4. Catecholamine synthesis 5. Collagen cross-linking
92
What are 3 symptoms of copper deficiency? Is this common?
1. Impaired brain function 2. Endangered vascular and bone integrity 3. Decreased metabolic control Very rare
93
What are 2 symptoms of copper toxicity?
Liver and DNA damage
94
What are the 3 proteins transporters of copper into intestinal cells?
1. CTR-1 2. DMT-1 3. Copper-sensing ATPase
95
Which 2 trace minerals share a protein transporter?
Copper and iron: DMT-1
96
What are 10 functions of zinc?
1. Growth/Cell division 2. DNA replication 3. Gene transcription 4. RNA synthesis 5. Metabolism 6. Immune system 7. Wound healing 8. Folate absorption 9. Insulin
97
What are 5 symptoms of zinc deficiency?
1. Growth retardation 2. Impaired immune system 3. Anemia 4. Cognitive impairment 5. Decrease appetite/absorption
98
What are 4 symptoms of zinc toxicity? Is this common?
1. Vomiting 2. Anemia 3. CNS disturbances 4. Copper/Iron absorption issues
99
How can iron affect zinc absorption?
Excess iron decreases zinc absorption
100
What are the 2 proteins responsible for zinc absorption? What is the role of each?
1. Zip: increases Zn in cytoplasm | 2. ZnT: increases Zn in cells
101
What are the 3 roles of vitamin A and their form?
1. Cell growth: retinol metabolites 2. Vision: retinal 3. Gene expression: retinoic acid
102
What are the 3 symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?
1. Impaired vision 2. Loss of appetite 3. Infection susceptibility
103
What are 2 symptoms of vitamin A toxicity?
1. Liver/bone damage | 2. Dry mucous membranes
104
What are the precursors to vitamin A?
Carotenoids that contain a retinoid moiety at 1 or both ends (few of them) = 6 C ring with 1 double bond + 2 methyls at 1 end and 1 methyl at the other end of double bond
105
What can excess retinol cause during pregnancy?
Mutagenic issues
106
What are retinol activity equivalents?
They indicate how many micrograms of all trans retinol would give the same biological effect
107
What carotenoid has a very high RAE?
Beta-carotene
108
Where is retinol found in the body?
1. Blood bound to retinol binding protein | 2. Liver as retinyl ester

SMP - MNE Exam 1 (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions