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SMP - MNE Exam 1 > Nutrition Module #1: Nutrition for Young Children > Flashcards

Nutrition Module #1: Nutrition for Young Children Flashcards

1
Q

During what life stage does the most rapid growth occur? What are 2 examples of this rapid growth?

A

Infancy

  1. Weight triples in year 1
  2. Length increases by 50% in year 1
  3. Brain triples in weight (linear growth)
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2
Q

What are the 5 necessary nutrients for brain development?

A
  1. Docosahexanoic acid (omega 3 eicosanoid FA): DHA
  2. Choline
  3. Iron
  4. Folate
  5. Taurine
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3
Q

During what life stage do nutrient needs peak?

A

Adolescence

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4
Q

How does the body composition change during early to late childhood?

A

Fat decreases

Muscles increase

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5
Q

How does the body composition change during adolescence for males and females?

A

Males: increase lean muscle mass
Females: increase body fat

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6
Q

When does an infant (0-36 mos) growth chart warrant further examination?

A
  • Above 98th percentile
  • Below 2nd percentile
  • Changes across 2 percentile lines
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7
Q

When does a child (more than 36 mos) growth chart warrant further examination?

A
  • Above 85th percentile

- Below 5th percentile

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8
Q

How to interpret BMI values?

A
  • Above 95th percentile: obese
  • Between 85th and 95th percentile: overweight
  • Between 5th and 85th percentile: normal
  • Below 5th percentile: underweight
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9
Q

What are the 3 most critical nutrients for children?

A
  1. DHA
  2. Calcium
  3. Iron
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10
Q

What are the 4 vitamins that are important for children fat development?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

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11
Q

What are the 2 nutrients that are important for children muscle development?

A
  1. Protein

2. Vitamin C

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12
Q

What are the 3 nutrients that are important for children bone development?

A
  1. Calcium
  2. Phosphorus
  3. Vitamin D
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13
Q

What is the 1 nutrient that is important for children reproductive development?

A

Zinc

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14
Q

What are the 3 nutrients that are important for children circulatory system development?

A
  1. Iron
  2. Folate
  3. B12
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15
Q

How do the nutritional requirements of children compare to those of adults?

A

Kids have higher requirements PER KG than adults but adults have higher absolute requirements

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16
Q

How do calcium requirements change with age?

A

They increase until age 1 and then they decrease

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17
Q

What are 2 important nutrients in beef?

A
  1. Iron

2. Zinc

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18
Q

What are the 4 common nutrition-related problems in children?

A
  1. Anemia
  2. Overweight
  3. Poor dental health
  4. Growth retardation
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19
Q

What are 3 limitations of the BMI charts to screen for obesity?

A
  1. Data is from the 60s and 70s (more than 5% of the pop could be obese)
  2. May classify overweight children as normal
  3. Not sensitive enough for height, fat distribution, musculature
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20
Q

How much weight should an infant be gaining every day for the first 3 months?

A

~30 g/day once birth weight is regained

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21
Q

Do we have cutoff values to determine failure to thrive?

A

NOPE

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22
Q

How are weight and height affected with failure to thrive?

A

Weight gain slows first and then height

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23
Q

What are the 3 criteria to determine failure to thrive?

A
  1. Weight, length, or stature for age OR weight for stature below the 5th percentile
  2. Weight below 50th percentile
  3. Drop in weight or stature measurements across 2 or more major percentile lines
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24
Q

What are brain solids mostly made of?

A

Fats

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25
Q

What 3 nutrients are needed for choline synthesis?

A
  1. Folate
  2. B12
  3. Methionine
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26
Q

What is choline an important precursor for? 3 things

A
  1. Phosphatidyl choline
  2. Sphingomyelin
  3. ACh
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27
Q

What is taurine?

A

Sulfur containing conditionally essential AA

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28
Q

What are some important roles of taurine with regards to the developing brain and 2 other important functions?

A
  1. Brain osmoregulation
  2. Neuroprotection
  3. Neuromodulation
  4. Protects retinal photoreceptor
  5. Fat absorption
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29
Q

Where is choline obtained?

A
  1. Diet: milk, plant and animal foods (widely available)

2. Synthesis

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30
Q

In what foods is taurine obtained?

A

Milk, seafood, meat

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31
Q

What are the 3 main roles of iron?

A
  1. Cofactor for NT and hormone synthesis
  2. Myelin production
  3. Rate of mRNA translation
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32
Q

What is the most common nutrient deficiency?

A

Iron

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33
Q

What does iron deficiency in kids cause? 7 things

A
  1. Delayed speech
  2. Impaired growth
  3. Delayed cognitive development
  4. Anemia
  5. Increased cancer risk
  6. Altered hair/nail texture
  7. Impaired immune function
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34
Q

What are 2 groups at risk for iron deficiency?

A
  1. Poor

2. Older infants consuming mostly milk

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35
Q

What are 7 food sources of iron?

A
  1. Milks
  2. Cereal
  3. Meat
  4. Chichen
  5. Fish
  6. Legumes
  7. Spinach
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36
Q

When is iron uptake maximal?

A

Infancy

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37
Q

What are adverse reactions from high folate intake from foods?

A

None

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38
Q

How long does it take for the iron stores to deplete after birth?

A

6 months

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39
Q

Is milk a good source of vitamin D? Is cheese? Yoghurt?

A

Milk yes, but cheese and yoghurt are not

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40
Q

Where is DHA most abundant?

A

Brain cell membranes and photoreceptor rods

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41
Q

What are 3 food sources of DHA

A
  1. Omega-3 fish (salmon)
  2. Seafood
  3. Human milk
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42
Q

When should solid foods be introduced to infants?

A

Around 6 months

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43
Q

Describe the transition from liquid to solid foods.

A
  • Birth: 100% liquid
  • 6 mos: semi-solid foods
  • 6-8 mos: strained fruits/veggies
  • 1 yr: strained meats/dairy (70% liquid/30% solid)
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44
Q

What are 5 potential complications of introducing solid foods too soon?

A
  1. Allergies
  2. Diarrhea
  3. Renal overload
  4. Inadequate human milk production
  5. Disturbed dynamics around eating
45
Q

What 2 nutrient deficiencies can be caused by delayed the introduction of solid foods?

A
  1. Iron

2. Zinc

46
Q

What are the 5 signs of a food allergy?

A
  1. Rash
  2. Vomiting
  3. Diarrhea
  4. Irritability
  5. Wheezing
47
Q

What are the 2 main differences between food allergies and intolerances?

A
  1. Immune vs metabolic responde

2. Permanent vs potentially transient

48
Q

How is most water absorbed by cells?

A

Energy dependent Na+/Glc transporter (SGLT-1)

49
Q

How does water leave cells?

A

Aquaporins

50
Q

How much water is absorbed each day by the intestine?

A

4L

51
Q

What causes diarrhea?

A

Inability of intestine to absorb water and electrolytes from stool

52
Q

How to treat dehydration from diarrhea?

A

Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) = water + glucose + electrolytes = 245 mosm/L

53
Q

What is the main cause of death of kids under 5?

A

Diarrhea

54
Q

Should feedings be discontinued during ORT?

A

NOPE

55
Q

If a certain digestive enzyme is compromised because of an intestinal infection, should the kid stop eating certain foods?

A

NOPE

56
Q

What are the 2 ways to synthesize non-essential AAs?

A
  1. Transamination: N transfer from AA to alpha-ketoacid

2. Amination: N transfer to an alpha-ketoacid

57
Q

What nutrient is needed for transamination? Why?

A

B6 bc precursor for pyridoxal-5-phosphate which is a cofactor for all enzymes that transfer N groups from 1 AA to the other

58
Q

What are 2 symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency?

A
  1. Slows growth

2. Neuron damage

59
Q

What is a symptom of excess B6?

A

Sensory neuropathy

60
Q

What is Marasmus? 3 symptoms?

A

Wasting disease caused by lack of protein and energy from diet
Symptoms: apathy, lower body temp, emaciated appearance

61
Q

What is Kwashiorkor? 2 symptoms?

A

Caused by adequate energy intake, but insufficient protein

Symptoms: bloated belly, edematous limbs

62
Q

Can all AAs be catabolized for energy?

A

YUP

63
Q

What are the 2 types of AAs? Describe each.

A
  1. Glucogenic: generate pyruvate or TCA intermediates for gluconeogenesis
  2. Ketogenic: generate acetyl-CoA or ketone bodies
64
Q

Which 2 AAs are neither glucogenic nor ketogenic?

A

Gly and Ser

65
Q

What is phenylketonuria? Symptom? Treatment?

A

Defective Phe hydrolase = Phe cannot be converted to Tyr = excess Phe
Symptom: severe and irreversible dementia
Treatment: stop eating Phe

66
Q

What is homocysteinemia? 4 symptoms? Treatment?

A

Defective cystathione B-synthase = homocysteine cannot be converted to Cys = excess homocysteine
Symptoms: eye abnormalities, mental retardation, CVD, osteoporosis
Treatment: reduce Met intake (homocysteine precursor) and take Cys supplement

67
Q

What is maple syrup urine disease? Symptom? Treatment?

A

Defective alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex for branches AAs = cannot be converted to acetyl CoA = excess Val/Leu/Ile
Symptom: severe mental retardation
Treatment: stop eating them and take thiamin supplement (cofactor)

68
Q

What are 3 genetic defects in AA metabolism? Which is most common?

A
  1. phenylketonuria (most common)
  2. homocysteinemia
  3. maple syrup urine disease
69
Q

What are the 4 factors to assess protein quality?

A
  1. AA composition
  2. Ability to sustain growth
  3. Effect on N retention
  4. Presence of antinutritive factors
70
Q

What is an example of a protein with an antinutritive factor?

A

Some beans contain a trypsin inhibitor

71
Q

What does a protein’s ability to sustain growth depend on? 3 factors.

A
  1. Consumed amount
  2. Bioavailability
  3. AA composition
72
Q

Do all proteins contain all essential AAs?

A

YUP but amounts vary

73
Q

What proteins have a high ability to sustain growth?

A

Animal and soy products

74
Q

What proteins have a low ability to sustain growth?

A

Grains and legumes

75
Q

Can complimentary vegetarian protein diets match the high quality of animal protein diets?

A

Yeah but they may need to eat 25% more in terms of quantity

76
Q

What is the standard method to determine protein quality?

A

IOM’s Protein Digestibility Corrected AA Score (PDCAAS)

77
Q

When should fat consumption be increased to 20-35% of energy intake?

A

Between 2 and 5

78
Q

By what age should kids have made the full transition to an adult diet?

A

5

79
Q

What kind of milk should be drank before 2?

A

Whole milk only

80
Q

What are the 3 most common nutritional issues with preschoolers in the US?

A
  1. Iron deficiency
  2. Lack of fiber/fluids = constipation
  3. Cavities
81
Q

What are the 8 foods that are choking hazards and should not be given until 4 or 6 yo?

A
  1. Popcorn
  2. Whole grapes
  3. Cherries with pits
  4. Hot dog slides
  5. Hard candies
  6. Nuts/seeds
  7. Celery
  8. Peanut butter spoon
82
Q

What is the treatment for failure to thrive?

A

Catch-up growth with increased food intake

83
Q

By how much are protein requirements increased during failure to thrive treatment?

A

1.5-2 x more

84
Q

What is the most common cause of failure to thrive?

A

Improper diet

85
Q

What are the 3 main roles of iron?

A
  1. O2 transport
  2. ROS defense
  3. Metabolism
86
Q

What are the 4 symptoms of iron toxicity?

A
  1. Discolored skin
  2. Cirrhosis
  3. Hepatosplenomegaly
  4. Cardiomyopathy
87
Q

What are the 4 proteins that increase iron uptake?

A
  1. Dcytb
  2. DMT1
    3 Ferroportin
  3. Tpr
88
Q

What is the 1 protein that sequesters iron?

A

Ferritin

89
Q

How do we loose iron?

A

Feces

90
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms to avoid excess iron?

A
  1. Increase ferritin

2. Decrease ferroportin

91
Q

What are the 5 main roles of copper?

A
  1. Cofactor for cyt C
  2. ROS defense
  3. Iron metabolism
  4. Catecholamine synthesis
  5. Collagen cross-linking
92
Q

What are 3 symptoms of copper deficiency? Is this common?

A
  1. Impaired brain function
  2. Endangered vascular and bone integrity
  3. Decreased metabolic control
    Very rare
93
Q

What are 2 symptoms of copper toxicity?

A

Liver and DNA damage

94
Q

What are the 3 proteins transporters of copper into intestinal cells?

A
  1. CTR-1
  2. DMT-1
  3. Copper-sensing ATPase
95
Q

Which 2 trace minerals share a protein transporter?

A

Copper and iron: DMT-1

96
Q

What are 10 functions of zinc?

A
  1. Growth/Cell division
  2. DNA replication
  3. Gene transcription
  4. RNA synthesis
  5. Metabolism
  6. Immune system
  7. Wound healing
  8. Folate absorption
  9. Insulin
97
Q

What are 5 symptoms of zinc deficiency?

A
  1. Growth retardation
  2. Impaired immune system
  3. Anemia
  4. Cognitive impairment
  5. Decrease appetite/absorption
98
Q

What are 4 symptoms of zinc toxicity? Is this common?

A
  1. Vomiting
  2. Anemia
  3. CNS disturbances
  4. Copper/Iron absorption issues
99
Q

How can iron affect zinc absorption?

A

Excess iron decreases zinc absorption

100
Q

What are the 2 proteins responsible for zinc absorption? What is the role of each?

A
  1. Zip: increases Zn in cytoplasm

2. ZnT: increases Zn in cells

101
Q

What are the 3 roles of vitamin A and their form?

A
  1. Cell growth: retinol metabolites
  2. Vision: retinal
  3. Gene expression: retinoic acid
102
Q

What are the 3 symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?

A
  1. Impaired vision
  2. Loss of appetite
  3. Infection susceptibility
103
Q

What are 2 symptoms of vitamin A toxicity?

A
  1. Liver/bone damage

2. Dry mucous membranes

104
Q

What are the precursors to vitamin A?

A

Carotenoids that contain a retinoid moiety at 1 or both ends (few of them) = 6 C ring with 1 double bond + 2 methyls at 1 end and 1 methyl at the other end of double bond

105
Q

What can excess retinol cause during pregnancy?

A

Mutagenic issues

106
Q

What are retinol activity equivalents?

A

They indicate how many micrograms of all trans retinol would give the same biological effect

107
Q

What carotenoid has a very high RAE?

A

Beta-carotene

108
Q

Where is retinol found in the body?

A
  1. Blood bound to retinol binding protein

2. Liver as retinyl ester

SMP - MNE Exam 1 (25 decks)

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