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SMP - MNE Exam 1 > Lecture 7: Hormonal Properties > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Hormonal Properties Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 hormone derivatives of isoprene/cholesterol?

A
  1. Steroids 2. Vitamin D 3. Retinoids
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2
Q

Are the 3 hormone derivatives of isoprene/cholesterol lipid or water soluble? Do they require carrier proteins?

A

Lipid Yes!

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3
Q

Where are the receptors of the 3 hormone derivatives of isoprene/cholesterol?

A

Intracellular

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4
Q

Are thyroid hormones lipid or water soluble?

A

Partially lipid soluble

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5
Q

Do the thyroid hormones require carrier proteins in the blood? To get through membrane?

A

Yes

Yes because only partially lipid soluble

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6
Q

Where are the receptors of thyroid hormones?

A

Nuclear

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7
Q

Do protein and peptide hormones require carrier proteins?

A

No

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8
Q

Where are the receptors of protein and peptide hormones?

A

Membrane

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9
Q

Do AA derivative hormones require carrier proteins?

A

No

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10
Q

Where are the receptors of AA derivative hormones?

A

Membrane

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11
Q

Are eicosanoid hormones lipid or water soluble?

A

Lipid

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12
Q

Do eicosanoid hormones require carrier proteins?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Where are the receptors of eicosanoid hormones?

A

Membrane (G-protein) and intracellular

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14
Q

How many Cs in androgens (including testosterone)?

A

19

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15
Q

How many Cs in estrogen?

A

18

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16
Q

Are estrogens aromatic of aliphatic?

A

Aromatic

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17
Q

Are androgens aromatic of aliphatic?

A

Aliphatic

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18
Q

What are the 5 classes of steroid hormones and what does each include?

A
  1. Androgens: DHEA and testosterone
  2. Estrogens: estradiol, estrone, estriol
  3. Glucocorticoids: cortisol, corticosterone
  4. Mineralcorticoids: aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone
  5. Progestins: progesterone
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19
Q

What 3 steroid hormones have 21 Cs?

A
  1. Cortisol 2. Aldosterone 3. Progesterone
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20
Q

What is specificity due to in steroid hormones?

A

The position of the hydrozy group on the ring structure

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21
Q

What is the ring structure of steroid hormones?

A
  • Three 6-membered rings
  • One 5-membered ring
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22
Q

What is this?

A

Progesterone

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23
Q

What is this?

A

Cortisol

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24
Q

What is this?

A

Estadiol

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25
What is this?
Testosterone
26
What is this?
Aldosterone
27
Is Vitamin D a steroid? Why/Why not?
NOPE, it's a lysosteroid Because no longer has a 4-ring structure because the B ring has been disrupted
28
What is this?
Vitamin D
29
What is the active form of vitamin D? 3 names
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D = 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol = calcitriol
30
How is vitamin D synthesized? Draw the pathway
3-step pathway with 3 inactive forms:
31
What enzyme is the major control point of the 3 step pathway of vitamin D synthesis? Where is it located?
1alpha-hydroxylase (kidney)
32
What can increase the levels of 1alpha-hydroxylase in the liver?
* Decrease in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 * Parathyroid hormone * Low serum phosphate * Decrease in 24-hydroxylase
33
How is vitamin D degraded? How is this stimulated?
Through the 24-hydroxylation pathway Stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
34
What is Rickets caused by? Symptoms?
Vitamin D deficiency causing lack of calcium absorption = soft bones, bone deformation, bow legs, compromised height
35
What happens when Vitamin D receptors are missing in the body? Why? What disease is this?
Alopecia and oligodontia (lack of teeth) because receptors also interact with other proteins Also Rickets
36
Describe the retinoid hormones synthesis pathway.
Beta-carotene → retinaldehyde = Vitamin A → all-trans retinoic acid OR 9-cis retinoic acid
37
What are the 2 important retinoid hormones? How do they differ?
1. All-trans-retinoic acid 2. 9-cis-retinoic acid They only differ at the orientation of the double bond at the 9th position
38
To what receptor does all-trans-retinoid acid bind? To what end?
Retinoic acid receptor (RAR) ⇒ to help control growth and differentiation
39
To what receptor does 9-cis-retinoid acid bind? To what end?
Retinoic acid X receptor (RXR) ⇒ to form heterodimers with other receptors
40
What are 2 examples of protein hormones?
1. Insulin 2. GH
41
What are 2 examples of peptide hormones?
SS and glucagon
42
What are 4 examples of glycoprotein hormones?
1. TSH 2. LH 3. FSH 4. hCG
43
What are 3 examples of AA derivative hormones?
1. Histamine 2. Epi/Norepi 3. Dopamine = CATECHOLAMINES
44
Describe the structure of glycoprotein hormones. What will the structure determine? What does the similarity in structure cause?
* Common alpha subunit * Unique beta subunit: determines what receptor it will bind to If huge amounts of one of them is produced it will be able to bind to the wrong receptor for another glycoprotein hormone
45
What is the precursor of epi, histamine, and dopamine?
Tyrosine
46
What is the order of the epi synthesis pathway? How is the pathway stopped? What enzyme is the rate-limiting one?
Tyrosine → Dopa → Dopamine → Norepi → Epi Different tissues have different enzymes depending on which of these hormones they need Rate-limiting enzyme: tyrosine hydroxylase
47
What enzyme converts norepi to epi?
PNMT = phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
48
What are AA derivative hormones also called?
Catecholamines
49
What are eicosanoids derived from?
Arachidonic acid
50
Why does aspirin have an anti-clotting effect? How does it do this? What is the side product?
Archidonic acid |protaglandin synthase=cyclooxygenase + hydroxiperoxide|⇒prostaglandin H2⇒prostacyclin + thromboxane (potent aggregator of platelets) Aspirin INHIBITS cyclooxygenase by IRREVERSIBLE binding Ser at active site and acetylating it (side product: salicylate)
51
What are the 2 components of protaglandin synthase?
protaglandin synthase=cyclooxygenase + hydroxiperoxide
52
What is a lot of the hormones' specificity due to?
To the way in which hormones are synthesized and modified
53
Where are steroid hormones sythesized?
ER or mito
54
Where are thyroid hormones sythesized?
Colloid = follicular space
55
Where are proteins, peptides, AA derivs hormones synthesized?
RER and Golgi
56
Where are eicosanoid hormones synthesized?
Membranes
57
What 2 types of hormones are stored? Where?
* Thyroid hormones: in thyroid * Proteins/Peptides/AA derivs: in secretory vesicles
58
What is the half-life of eicosanoid hormones like?
Very short
59
Are steroid hormones synthesized in their active form?
Yes
60
Are thyroid hormones synthesized in their active form?
Nope
61
Are peptide/protein/AA derivs hormones synthesized in their active form?
Nope
62
Are eicosanoid hormones synthesized in their active form? For what purpose?
Yes Local action
63
What regulates the circulating levels of steroid hormones?
The rate of synthesis (no stores)
64
What regulates the circulating levels of thyroid hormones?
Release of hormones from stores
65
What regulates the circulating levels of protein/peptide/AA drivs/glycoprotein hormones?
Release of hormones from stores
66
What modifications can happen to steroid hormones after they are released?
Can be converted into even more active forms in target tissues
67
What modifications can happen to protein/peptide/AA derivs/glycoproteins hormones after they are released?
Activated in target tissues in specific ways
68
Do eicosanoid hormones have the potential to be modified in target cells?
YUP
69
Do lipid soluble hormones require carrier proteins to circulate in the blood?
Yes
70
Do water soluble hormones require carrier proteins to circulate in the blood?
NOPE
71
What are the 5 roles of blood carrier proteins of hormones?
1. Carry the hormone 2. Act as a reservoir for that hormone 3. Protect against degradation 4. Increase half-life 5. Act as buffers to protect against high or low surges of hormone levels (will release hormones when levels are low and will bind hormones when levels are high)
72
Does the hormone bound to a carrier protein have biological activity?
NOPE
73
Can a hormone bound to a carrier protein be degraded?
NOPE
74
Can a hormone bound to a carrier protein bind to a hormone receptor?
NOPE
75
When is a hormone biologically active?
WHEN IT'S FREE!
76
What is the purpose of a radioimmunoasay?
Measure amount of hormone present in a solution/serum by using radioactive hormones as a tracer
77
Explain how radioimmunoassay works.
1. Establish standard curve: 1. Add antibody to a known concentration of radioactive hormone to obtain 100% antibody-radioactive hormone precipitated complexes 2. Add a known amount of non-radioactive hormone (cold hormone) that will compete with the antibody and measure the amount of radioactive hormone that precipitates (this should decrease over time) 3. Create standard curve 2. Add patient's serum to 100% antibody-radioactive hormone precipitated complexes 3. Measure radioactivity 4. Find concentration of hormone per the standard curve
78
What is the purpose of ELISA?
Measure amount of target hormone in a solution/serum
79
What is another name for ELISA?
Sandwhich assay
80
Which one is more commonly used: radioactiveimmuno assay or ELISA?
ELISA
81
Explain how ELISA works.
1. Add patient's serum to a plate containing a speficif antibody for the hormone 2. Add a detecting antibody specific for the hormone 3. Add an enzyme-linked secondary antibody that binds to the detecting antibody 4. Add a substrate that the linked enzyme will convert to a product with a different color 1. Use a spectrometer to measure color change aka hormone amount present
82
Why do we need such a complicated sandwhich of antibodies in ELISA?
We don't! But cheaper this way because the last enzyme linked antibody recognizes many other antibodies which is good because it's expensive to conjugate enzymes to antibodies
83
What does a beta-adrenergenic agonist do?
Stimulates stress response by activating epi/norepi receptors
84
Where is Vitamin D made?
1. Skin 2. Liver 3. Kidneys
85
What is a target tissue of Vitamin D?
Bones
86
To what carrier protein does cortisol bind in the blood?
Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)
87
What kind of class of hormones is vasopressin?
Proteins/Glycoproteins/Peptides
88
What are 2 examples of eicosanoids?
1. Prostaglandins 2. Thromboxanes
89
Through what pathway are hormones made from arachidonic acid?
Cyclooxygenase pathway
90
What kinds of hormone actions do eicosanoids exert?
Autocrine and paracrine
91
Is estrogen a steroid?
YES
92
How does the plasma half-life of hydrophilic hormones compare to the half life of hydrophobic hormones? Why?
Shorter half life because not bound to carrier proteins in blood
93
What are the 4 functions of testosterone?
1. Male urogenital development 2. Male secondary sexual characteristics 3. Male bone maintenance 4. Male and female aggression
94
What are the 5 functions of estadiol?
1. Female sex tissue function 2. Female bone maintenance 3. Female cardiovascular protection before menopause 4. Male brain development 5. Male fertility
95
What is DHT?
Testosterone
96
What is cortisol's function with regards to the lungs?
Lung development
97
What is estrogen made from in females? What is the active form of estrogen? With what enzyme?
Testosterone to 17-beta-estradiol (active form) Aromatase
98
Describe the vitamin D degradation pathway.
25-hydroxyvitamin D3 + 24-hydroxylase ⇒ 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Location: bone, cartilage, placenta, intestine
99
What are the 4 glycoprotein hormones we learned about?
1. TSH 2. LH 3. FSH 4. hCG
100
What second messenger(s) do glycoproteins activate?
G-protein coupled receptors: cAMP Phospholipase?
101
How many polypeptides in GH? Disulfide bonds?
1 2
102
How many polypep
103
For which subunit of the glycoprotein are the antibodies in pregnancy tests?
The beta subunit of hCG
104
How are catecholamines degraded?
By deamination by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
105
Describe the structure of arachidonic acid.
Long chain fatty acid 20:4
106
What is the organic name of aspirin?
Acetylsalicylate
107
Main 3 functions of prostaglandins?
1. Inflammation 2. Regulate BP by causing vasodilation 3. Soften uterus during labor
108
How can one accelerate the growth of cells in a lab? Potential side effect?
Provide it with the growing medium previously used by other cells which will contain growth factors If the previous cell was cancerous, the factors will cause cancer
109
What are 3 hormone types secreted in their active form?
1. Steroids 2. Eicosanoids 3. Catecholamines
110
What is the active form of testosterone? Where does activation occur?
Dihydrotestosterone (activation in target tissues)
111
Which 4 hormones require intracellular processing before secretion?
1. POMC to ACTH and other metabolites 2. Proinsulin 3. Preproparathyroid hormone 4. TGB to T3/T4
112
Describe the characteristics of the hormone carrier proteins.
Low affinity, high capacity
113
Which is the ONLY hydrophilic hormone that binds to a carrier protein?
IGF-1
114
What is the carrier protein of aldosterone?
Albumin
115
What is the carrier protein of estrogen?
TeBG
116
What are the 2 carrier proteins of testosterone?
1. TeBG 2. Albumin
117
What is the carrier protein of retinoic acid?
Albumin
118
What is the carrier protein of vitamin D?
D-binding protein
119
Which hormone has the lowest % hormone bound to its carrier protein?
Aldosterone
120
What is the carrier protein of IGF-1?
IGF-binding proteins (over 6 forms of them)
121
Can a hormone bound to a receptor go back to being free?
YUP
122
Can a cell produce a carrier-bound protein?
NOPE
123
When is the C-peptide removed from insulin?
Before it is secreted!
124
What is the main role of Vitamin D?
Increase calcium absorption from the intestine
125
What types of enzymes make modifications to cholesterol to synthesize steroid hormones and vitamin D?
Cytochrome P450 enzymes requiring NADPH carry out modifications to cholesterol
126
How do the effects of protein/glycoprotein/peptide/AA deriv hormones (excluding THs) compare to those of the effects of other types of hormones?
Immediate effects
127
Is hydrocortisone active?
YES
128
Is aldosterone secreted in its active form?
YES
129
Are catecholamines secreted in their active form?
YES
130

SMP - MNE Exam 1 (25 decks)

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