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SMP - MNE Exam 1 > Lecture 7: Hormonal Properties > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Hormonal Properties Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 hormone derivatives of isoprene/cholesterol?

A
  1. Steroids 2. Vitamin D 3. Retinoids
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2
Q

Are the 3 hormone derivatives of isoprene/cholesterol lipid or water soluble? Do they require carrier proteins?

A

Lipid Yes!

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3
Q

Where are the receptors of the 3 hormone derivatives of isoprene/cholesterol?

A

Intracellular

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4
Q

Are thyroid hormones lipid or water soluble?

A

Partially lipid soluble

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5
Q

Do the thyroid hormones require carrier proteins in the blood? To get through membrane?

A

Yes

Yes because only partially lipid soluble

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6
Q

Where are the receptors of thyroid hormones?

A

Nuclear

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7
Q

Do protein and peptide hormones require carrier proteins?

A

No

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8
Q

Where are the receptors of protein and peptide hormones?

A

Membrane

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9
Q

Do AA derivative hormones require carrier proteins?

A

No

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10
Q

Where are the receptors of AA derivative hormones?

A

Membrane

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11
Q

Are eicosanoid hormones lipid or water soluble?

A

Lipid

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12
Q

Do eicosanoid hormones require carrier proteins?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Where are the receptors of eicosanoid hormones?

A

Membrane (G-protein) and intracellular

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14
Q

How many Cs in androgens (including testosterone)?

A

19

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15
Q

How many Cs in estrogen?

A

18

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16
Q

Are estrogens aromatic of aliphatic?

A

Aromatic

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17
Q

Are androgens aromatic of aliphatic?

A

Aliphatic

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18
Q

What are the 5 classes of steroid hormones and what does each include?

A
  1. Androgens: DHEA and testosterone
  2. Estrogens: estradiol, estrone, estriol
  3. Glucocorticoids: cortisol, corticosterone
  4. Mineralcorticoids: aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone
  5. Progestins: progesterone
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19
Q

What 3 steroid hormones have 21 Cs?

A
  1. Cortisol 2. Aldosterone 3. Progesterone
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20
Q

What is specificity due to in steroid hormones?

A

The position of the hydrozy group on the ring structure

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21
Q

What is the ring structure of steroid hormones?

A
  • Three 6-membered rings
  • One 5-membered ring
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22
Q

What is this?

A

Progesterone

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23
Q

What is this?

A

Cortisol

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24
Q

What is this?

A

Estadiol

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25
Q

What is this?

A

Testosterone

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26
Q

What is this?

A

Aldosterone

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27
Q

Is Vitamin D a steroid? Why/Why not?

A

NOPE, it’s a lysosteroid

Because no longer has a 4-ring structure because the B ring has been disrupted

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28
Q

What is this?

A

Vitamin D

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29
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D? 3 names

A

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D = 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol = calcitriol

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30
Q

How is vitamin D synthesized? Draw the pathway

A

3-step pathway with 3 inactive forms:

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31
Q

What enzyme is the major control point of the 3 step pathway of vitamin D synthesis? Where is it located?

A

1alpha-hydroxylase (kidney)

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32
Q

What can increase the levels of 1alpha-hydroxylase in the liver?

A
  • Decrease in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
  • Parathyroid hormone
  • Low serum phosphate
  • Decrease in 24-hydroxylase
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33
Q

How is vitamin D degraded? How is this stimulated?

A

Through the 24-hydroxylation pathway

Stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

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34
Q

What is Rickets caused by? Symptoms?

A

Vitamin D deficiency causing lack of calcium absorption = soft bones, bone deformation, bow legs, compromised height

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35
Q

What happens when Vitamin D receptors are missing in the body? Why? What disease is this?

A

Alopecia and oligodontia (lack of teeth) because receptors also interact with other proteins

Also Rickets

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36
Q

Describe the retinoid hormones synthesis pathway.

A

Beta-carotene → retinaldehyde = Vitamin A → all-trans retinoic acid OR 9-cis retinoic acid

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37
Q

What are the 2 important retinoid hormones? How do they differ?

A
  1. All-trans-retinoic acid
  2. 9-cis-retinoic acid

They only differ at the orientation of the double bond at the 9th position

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38
Q

To what receptor does all-trans-retinoid acid bind? To what end?

A

Retinoic acid receptor (RAR)

⇒ to help control growth and differentiation

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39
Q

To what receptor does 9-cis-retinoid acid bind? To what end?

A

Retinoic acid X receptor (RXR)

⇒ to form heterodimers with other receptors

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40
Q

What are 2 examples of protein hormones?

A
  1. Insulin
  2. GH
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41
Q

What are 2 examples of peptide hormones?

A

SS and glucagon

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42
Q

What are 4 examples of glycoprotein hormones?

A
  1. TSH
  2. LH
  3. FSH
  4. hCG
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43
Q

What are 3 examples of AA derivative hormones?

A
  1. Histamine
  2. Epi/Norepi
  3. Dopamine

= CATECHOLAMINES

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44
Q

Describe the structure of glycoprotein hormones. What will the structure determine? What does the similarity in structure cause?

A
  • Common alpha subunit
  • Unique beta subunit: determines what receptor it will bind to

If huge amounts of one of them is produced it will be able to bind to the wrong receptor for another glycoprotein hormone

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45
Q

What is the precursor of epi, histamine, and dopamine?

A

Tyrosine

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46
Q

What is the order of the epi synthesis pathway? How is the pathway stopped? What enzyme is the rate-limiting one?

A

Tyrosine → Dopa → Dopamine → Norepi → Epi

Different tissues have different enzymes depending on which of these hormones they need

Rate-limiting enzyme: tyrosine hydroxylase

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47
Q

What enzyme converts norepi to epi?

A

PNMT = phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase

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48
Q

What are AA derivative hormones also called?

A

Catecholamines

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49
Q

What are eicosanoids derived from?

A

Arachidonic acid

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50
Q

Why does aspirin have an anti-clotting effect? How does it do this? What is the side product?

A

Archidonic acid |protaglandin synthase=cyclooxygenase + hydroxiperoxide|⇒prostaglandin H2⇒prostacyclin + thromboxane (potent aggregator of platelets)

Aspirin INHIBITS cyclooxygenase by IRREVERSIBLE binding Ser at active site and acetylating it (side product: salicylate)

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51
Q

What are the 2 components of protaglandin synthase?

A

protaglandin synthase=cyclooxygenase + hydroxiperoxide

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52
Q

What is a lot of the hormones’ specificity due to?

A

To the way in which hormones are synthesized and modified

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53
Q

Where are steroid hormones sythesized?

A

ER or mito

54
Q

Where are thyroid hormones sythesized?

A

Colloid = follicular space

55
Q

Where are proteins, peptides, AA derivs hormones synthesized?

A

RER and Golgi

56
Q

Where are eicosanoid hormones synthesized?

57
Q

What 2 types of hormones are stored? Where?

A
  • Thyroid hormones: in thyroid
  • Proteins/Peptides/AA derivs: in secretory vesicles
58
Q

What is the half-life of eicosanoid hormones like?

A

Very short

59
Q

Are steroid hormones synthesized in their active form?

60
Q

Are thyroid hormones synthesized in their active form?

61
Q

Are peptide/protein/AA derivs hormones synthesized in their active form?

62
Q

Are eicosanoid hormones synthesized in their active form? For what purpose?

A

Yes

Local action

63
Q

What regulates the circulating levels of steroid hormones?

A

The rate of synthesis (no stores)

64
Q

What regulates the circulating levels of thyroid hormones?

A

Release of hormones from stores

65
Q

What regulates the circulating levels of protein/peptide/AA drivs/glycoprotein hormones?

A

Release of hormones from stores

66
Q

What modifications can happen to steroid hormones after they are released?

A

Can be converted into even more active forms in target tissues

67
Q

What modifications can happen to protein/peptide/AA derivs/glycoproteins hormones after they are released?

A

Activated in target tissues in specific ways

68
Q

Do eicosanoid hormones have the potential to be modified in target cells?

69
Q

Do lipid soluble hormones require carrier proteins to circulate in the blood?

70
Q

Do water soluble hormones require carrier proteins to circulate in the blood?

71
Q

What are the 5 roles of blood carrier proteins of hormones?

A
  1. Carry the hormone
  2. Act as a reservoir for that hormone
  3. Protect against degradation
  4. Increase half-life
  5. Act as buffers to protect against high or low surges of hormone levels (will release hormones when levels are low and will bind hormones when levels are high)
72
Q

Does the hormone bound to a carrier protein have biological activity?

73
Q

Can a hormone bound to a carrier protein be degraded?

74
Q

Can a hormone bound to a carrier protein bind to a hormone receptor?

75
Q

When is a hormone biologically active?

A

WHEN IT’S FREE!

76
Q

What is the purpose of a radioimmunoasay?

A

Measure amount of hormone present in a solution/serum by using radioactive hormones as a tracer

77
Q

Explain how radioimmunoassay works.

A
  1. Establish standard curve:
    1. Add antibody to a known concentration of radioactive hormone to obtain 100% antibody-radioactive hormone precipitated complexes
    2. Add a known amount of non-radioactive hormone (cold hormone) that will compete with the antibody and measure the amount of radioactive hormone that precipitates (this should decrease over time)
    3. Create standard curve
  2. Add patient’s serum to 100% antibody-radioactive hormone precipitated complexes
  3. Measure radioactivity
  4. Find concentration of hormone per the standard curve
78
Q

What is the purpose of ELISA?

A

Measure amount of target hormone in a solution/serum

79
Q

What is another name for ELISA?

A

Sandwhich assay

80
Q

Which one is more commonly used: radioactiveimmuno assay or ELISA?

81
Q

Explain how ELISA works.

A
  1. Add patient’s serum to a plate containing a speficif antibody for the hormone
  2. Add a detecting antibody specific for the hormone
  3. Add an enzyme-linked secondary antibody that binds to the detecting antibody
  4. Add a substrate that the linked enzyme will convert to a product with a different color
    1. Use a spectrometer to measure color change aka hormone amount present
82
Q

Why do we need such a complicated sandwhich of antibodies in ELISA?

A

We don’t! But cheaper this way because the last enzyme linked antibody recognizes many other antibodies which is good because it’s expensive to conjugate enzymes to antibodies

83
Q

What does a beta-adrenergenic agonist do?

A

Stimulates stress response by activating epi/norepi receptors

84
Q

Where is Vitamin D made?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Liver
  3. Kidneys
85
Q

What is a target tissue of Vitamin D?

86
Q

To what carrier protein does cortisol bind in the blood?

A

Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)

87
Q

What kind of class of hormones is vasopressin?

A

Proteins/Glycoproteins/Peptides

88
Q

What are 2 examples of eicosanoids?

A
  1. Prostaglandins
  2. Thromboxanes
89
Q

Through what pathway are hormones made from arachidonic acid?

A

Cyclooxygenase pathway

90
Q

What kinds of hormone actions do eicosanoids exert?

A

Autocrine and paracrine

91
Q

Is estrogen a steroid?

92
Q

How does the plasma half-life of hydrophilic hormones compare to the half life of hydrophobic hormones? Why?

A

Shorter half life because not bound to carrier proteins in blood

93
Q

What are the 4 functions of testosterone?

A
  1. Male urogenital development
  2. Male secondary sexual characteristics
  3. Male bone maintenance
  4. Male and female aggression
94
Q

What are the 5 functions of estadiol?

A
  1. Female sex tissue function
  2. Female bone maintenance
  3. Female cardiovascular protection before menopause
  4. Male brain development
  5. Male fertility
95
Q

What is DHT?

A

Testosterone

96
Q

What is cortisol’s function with regards to the lungs?

A

Lung development

97
Q

What is estrogen made from in females? What is the active form of estrogen? With what enzyme?

A

Testosterone to 17-beta-estradiol (active form)

Aromatase

98
Q

Describe the vitamin D degradation pathway.

A

25-hydroxyvitamin D3 + 24-hydroxylase ⇒ 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

Location: bone, cartilage, placenta, intestine

99
Q

What are the 4 glycoprotein hormones we learned about?

A
  1. TSH
  2. LH
  3. FSH
  4. hCG
100
Q

What second messenger(s) do glycoproteins activate?

A

G-protein coupled receptors:

cAMP

Phospholipase?

101
Q

How many polypeptides in GH? Disulfide bonds?

102
Q

How many polypep

103
Q

For which subunit of the glycoprotein are the antibodies in pregnancy tests?

A

The beta subunit of hCG

104
Q

How are catecholamines degraded?

A

By deamination by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

105
Q

Describe the structure of arachidonic acid.

A

Long chain fatty acid

20:4

106
Q

What is the organic name of aspirin?

A

Acetylsalicylate

107
Q

Main 3 functions of prostaglandins?

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Regulate BP by causing vasodilation
  3. Soften uterus during labor
108
Q

How can one accelerate the growth of cells in a lab? Potential side effect?

A

Provide it with the growing medium previously used by other cells which will contain growth factors

If the previous cell was cancerous, the factors will cause cancer

109
Q

What are 3 hormone types secreted in their active form?

A
  1. Steroids
  2. Eicosanoids
  3. Catecholamines
110
Q

What is the active form of testosterone? Where does activation occur?

A

Dihydrotestosterone (activation in target tissues)

111
Q

Which 4 hormones require intracellular processing before secretion?

A
  1. POMC to ACTH and other metabolites
  2. Proinsulin
  3. Preproparathyroid hormone
  4. TGB to T3/T4
112
Q

Describe the characteristics of the hormone carrier proteins.

A

Low affinity, high capacity

113
Q

Which is the ONLY hydrophilic hormone that binds to a carrier protein?

114
Q

What is the carrier protein of aldosterone?

115
Q

What is the carrier protein of estrogen?

116
Q

What are the 2 carrier proteins of testosterone?

A
  1. TeBG
  2. Albumin
117
Q

What is the carrier protein of retinoic acid?

118
Q

What is the carrier protein of vitamin D?

A

D-binding protein

119
Q

Which hormone has the lowest % hormone bound to its carrier protein?

A

Aldosterone

120
Q

What is the carrier protein of IGF-1?

A

IGF-binding proteins (over 6 forms of them)

121
Q

Can a hormone bound to a receptor go back to being free?

122
Q

Can a cell produce a carrier-bound protein?

123
Q

When is the C-peptide removed from insulin?

A

Before it is secreted!

124
Q

What is the main role of Vitamin D?

A

Increase calcium absorption from the intestine

125
Q

What types of enzymes make modifications to cholesterol to synthesize steroid hormones and vitamin D?

A

Cytochrome P450 enzymes requiring NADPH carry out modifications to cholesterol

126
Q

How do the effects of protein/glycoprotein/peptide/AA deriv hormones (excluding THs) compare to those of the effects of other types of hormones?

A

Immediate effects

127
Q

Is hydrocortisone active?

128
Q

Is aldosterone secreted in its active form?

129
Q

Are catecholamines secreted in their active form?

SMP - MNE Exam 1 (25 decks)

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