Nutrition/ Metabolism/ Temp Flashcards
What 3 peptides influence hunger/ satiety
Ghrelin
Peptide yy
Cholecystokinin
What cells secrete Ghrelin
Parietal
When fundus is empty
Hunger
What secretes PYY
Enteroendocrine cells of ilium
Satiety
What does CCK stimulate
Secretion of bile
Pancreatic enzymes
Appetite suppressing
What are 2 long term hormones of appetite regulation
Lepton
Insulin
Leptin is secreted by
Adipocytes
Suppress appetite
What happens if an animal is Leptin receptor deficient
They over eat
What secretes insulin
Pancreatic beta cells
What does insulin stimulate
Glucose uptake
Promotes glycogen and fat synthesis
What are the 5 categories of nutrients
Carbs Lipids Proteins Vitamins Minerals
What hypothalamic neurons enhance appetite
NPY/AgRP group
What hypothalamic neurons inhibit appetite
POMC/CART group
How many molecules are essential nutrients
45-50
Must be in diet
What organ is best at converting between molecule types
Liver
What are carbohydrates converted into
Glucose
ATP
Are carbohydrates essential
No
Can be made from amino acids
What does using amino acids to form carbs cause
Ketosis
Acidosis
What are some examples of carb groups
Sugars
Starch
Cellulose
What form are most dietary fats in
Triglycerides
What are triglycerides made of
Glycerol - 3 carbon alcohol
Fatty acids- carbon with carboxyl group
Describe saturated fatty acid
Max H
No double bonds
Solid
Animals
Describe unsaturated fatty acids
Double bonds
Liquid
Vegetalbles
What does cholesterol come from
Egg yokes
Meats
Milk
What are fats broken down into
Fatty acids
Monoglycerides
Reconverted to triglycerides
What are the essential fatty acids?
Linoleic acid- omega 6
Linolenic acid- omega 3
Why are fats important
Protection Insulate Myelin Energy store Cholesterol in membranes For bile production Steroid hormones
What are omega 3 fatty acids needed for
Cell membranes
More needed for children
What are protein used for structurally
Keratin
Collagen
Elastin
Muscle
How many essential amino acids are there
10
Describe complete proteins
All aminos Eggs Milk Meat Fish
Describe incomplete proteins
Lack some aminos Legumes Nuts Seeds Grain Vegetables
What is the all or none rule
Need all aminos to make protein
What happens if not enough carb/ fat available
Protein will be used as a source of energy for ATP
Why can corn and beans be acomplete protein
Corn- tryptophan and methionine
Beans- isoleucine and lysine
What is the function of vitamins
Coenzymes
Need minute amounts
Organic
What vitamins are made by the body
D- skin
K- enteric bacteria
What are the water soluble vitamins
B
C
Except B12
Where are water soluble vitamins absorbed
Intestinal tract
With water
What are fat soluble vitamins
A
D
E
K
How are fat soluble vitamins absorbed
Bound to ingested lipids
Stores in body
Which fat soluble vitamin isnt stored in the body
K
What is the function of minerals
Help utilize nutrients or get incorporated
Inorganic
Moderate amounts needed
List the 7 minerals required
Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Phosphorous Chloride Sulfur
What minerals are in bone
Ca
P
Mg
What are the major electrolytes in te blood
Na
Cl
