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A&P 2 Exam 3 > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

List the organs of the alimentary canal

A 
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
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2
Q

List the accessory digestive organs

A 
Teeth
Tongue
Gallbladder
Salivary glands
Liver
Pancreas
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3
Q

List the 6 essential digestive processes

A 
Ingestion
Propulsion
Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion
Absorption
Defecation
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4
Q

Describe peristalsis

A

Waves of contraction/ relaxation of muscles

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5
Q

Describe segmentation

A

Local constrictions of the intestines

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6
Q

Describe chemical digestion

A

Catabolic breakdown of food

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7
Q

Describe absorption

A

Movement of nutrients from GI Tract to blood/ lymph

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8
Q

Where does chemical digestion take place

A

Mouth
Stomach
Small intestine

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9
Q

What are the circulation systems to the digestive organs

A

Splanchnic circulation

Hepatic portal circulation

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10
Q

Describe Splanchnic circulation

A 
Aorta
Celiac trunk
Hepatic
Splenic
Left gastric
Inferior/ superior mesenteric
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11
Q

What is the function of the hepatic portal circulation

A

Collect nutrient rich blood

Deliver it to the liver for processing/ storage

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12
Q

Name the 4 tunics of the alimentary Tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

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13
Q

Functions of mucosa

A

Secrete mucus
Absorption
Protection

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14
Q

What are the layers of mucosa

A

Epithelium- simple columnar
Lamina propria- areolar and reticular
Muscularis mucosae- smooth miscle

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15
Q

What do the mucosa of stomach and small intestine contain

A

Enzyme secreting cells

Hormone secreting cells

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16
Q

What is the function of the mucosa lamina propria

A

Nourish the epithelium
Absorption
Contain MALT

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17
Q

Where does the serosa get replaced by adventitia

A

Esophagus

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18
Q

What does the submucosa contain

A 
Elastic fibers
Blood
Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes
Nerves
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19
Q

What does the enteric nervous system consist of

A

2 intrinsic nerve plexuses

  • submucosal
  • myenteric
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20
Q

What does submucosal nerve plexus regulate

A

Glands

Smooth muscle of mucosa

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21
Q

What does myenteric nerve plexus regulate

A

Control of GI mobility

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22
Q

Function of the intrinsic tongue muscles

A

Change the shape

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23
Q

Function of the extrinsic tongue muscles

A

Alter position

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24
Q

What are the 3 types of tongue papillae

A

Filiform
Fungi form
Circumvallete

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25
Q

What makes the tongue rough

A

Filiform papillae

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26
Q

Gives tongue reddish hue

A

Fungiform papillae

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27
Q

In the back of the tongue

v shaped row

A

Circumvallete papillae

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28
Q

Function of saliva

A 
Clean mouth
Moisten food
Dissolve food
Bolus formation
Breakdown starch- amylase
Contain mucin, lysozyme, Defensins,IgA
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29
Q

Name an intrinsic salivary gland

Function

A

Buccal gland

Keep mouth moist

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30
Q

Name some extrinsic salivary glands

Function

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
Secrete enzyme rich saliva

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31
Q

What do extrinsic salivary glands respond to

A

Ingested food stimulating chemoreceptors and pressoreceptors

Thought of food

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32
Q

What inhibits salivation

A

Sympathetic stimulation

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33
Q

What is enamel made of

A

Acellular material
Calcium salts
Hydroxyapatite crystals

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34
Q

What is cementum

A

Calcified connective tissue that covers tooth root

Attaches to periodontal ligament

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35
Q

What is Dentin

A

Forms bulk of tooth

Bonelike material

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36
Q

What is pulp

A

Connective tissue
Blood vessels
Nerves
Inside of tooth

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37
Q

What are dental caries

A

Demineralization of enamel and Dentin by bacteria

Acid produced by bacteria dissolves calcium salts

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38
Q

What happens to organic matter without calcium salts

A

Proteolytic enzymes digest organic material

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39
Q

Why is calculus bad

A

Disrupts seal between teeth an gingivae

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40
Q

What is periodontitis

A

gum disease

Inflammation response

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41
Q

What are the 2 skeletal muscle layers of the pharynx

A

Inner longitudinal

Outer pharyngeal constrictors

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42
Q

Where does the esophagus extent from and go to

A

From laryngopharynx to cardiac orifice

Through the mediastinum/ diaphragm

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43
Q

What happens to mucosa from esophagus to stomach

A

Stratified squamous to simple columnar

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44
Q

What type of chemical digestion takes place in the mouth

A

Salivary amylase breakdown starch

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45
Q

What are the 2 phases of deglutination

A

Buccal phase

Pharyngeal esophageal phase

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46
Q

Describe buccal phase

A

Bolus is voluntarily forced into oropharynx

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47
Q

Describe pharyngeal esophageal phase

A

Controlled by medulla/ pons
Close airways
Open digestive ways

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48
Q

What lets food enter stomach

A

Gastroesophogeal cardiac sphincter opening

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49
Q

Where is food converted to chyme

A

Stomach

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50
Q

What makes up the pyloric region of the stomach

A

Antrum and canal

Terminate at pyloris

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51
Q

Describe mesentaries

A

Double layer of peritoneum fused

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52
Q

Where is lesser omentum

A

From liver to lesser curvature

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53
Q

Where is greater omentum

A

Greater curvature to small intestine

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54
Q

What type of mucus is in stomach from goblet cells

A

Thick alkaline mucus

Traps bicarbonate rich fluid beneath it

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55
Q

Where are gastric glands

A

In gastric pits

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56
Q

What do the gastric glands secrete

A

Mucus
Gastric juice
Gastrin hormone

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57
Q

List the 4 types of cells in the stomach glands

A

Mucous neck cells
Parietal
Chief
Enteroendocrine

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58
Q

Mucous neck cells secrete

A

Thin Acid mucus

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59
Q

Parietal cells secrete

A

HCL

Intrinsic factor

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60
Q

Chief cells secrete

A

Pepsinogen

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61
Q

Enteroendocrine cells secrete

A

Gastrin into lamina propria ( not lumen)

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62
Q

How is Pepsinogen activated

A

By HCL and pepsin

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63
Q

What keeps stomach from digesting itself

A

Bicarbonate rich mucus layer
Epithelium with tight junctions
Damaged cells replaced quickly

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64
Q

Functions of the stomach

A 
Store food
Degrade food
Deliver chyme to small intestine
Enzymatic ally digest protein with pepsin
Secrete intrinsic factor
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65
Q

What regulates gastric secretion

A

Neural and hormonal controls

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66
Q

What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion regulation

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

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67
Q

Function of the Cephalic phase

A

Prepares stomach for food

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68
Q

What occurs during Cephalic phase

A

Parasympathetic- vagus
Stimulate submucosal enteric plexus
Activate mucus, parietal, chief, and G cells

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69
Q

Function of gastric phase

A

Enhance secretions
Homogenize and acidify chyme
Initiate protein digestion by pepsin

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70
Q

What is the neural response of the gastric phase

A

Stretch/ chemoreceptors stimulate submucosal plexus as myenteric plexus

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71
Q

What is the hormonal response of gastric phase

A

Presence of peptides or caffeine stimulate Gastrin

Gastrin stimulates parietal/ chief cells

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72
Q

What stimulates HCl secretion

A

Ach- neural

Gastrin- hormonal

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73
Q

When is HCL release low

A

If only one ligand binds to a parietal cell

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74
Q

When is HCL release higher

A

If both Ligands bind to parietal cells

Hormonal/ neural stimulation

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75
Q

What happens to Cl during HCL secretion

A

Cl transported into stomach lumen

Maintain electrical balance

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76
Q

What happens to bicarbonate during HCL secretion

A

Bicarbonate ejected into capillary blood

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77
Q

What is the alkaline tide

A

Blood leaving the stomach is more alkaline than blood entering it

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78
Q

When does the intestinal phase begin

A

When chyme enters the small intestine

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79
Q

Describe what stimulates intestinal phase

A 
Enterogastric reflex
Distension of duodenum
Acid- low ph
Lipids
Partially digested proteins
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80
Q

What occurs when the intestinal neural response is stimulated

A

Gastric contractions are inhibited

Pyloric sphincters close

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81
Q

What occurs during hormonal response of the intestinal phase

A

Release of enterogastrones

Inhibit gastric secretion

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82
Q

What are the enterogastrones

A

Cholecystokinin
Secretin
Vasoactive intestinal peptide

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83
Q

What is the rate of gastric contractions of peristalsis

A

3 per min Basic Electrical Rhythm

Toward pyloric valve

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84
Q

What increases stomach contractions

A

Distension of stomach wall

Activated chemoreceptors

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85
Q

What inhibits Gastrin and pepsin as chyme enters duodenum

A

Neural enterogastric reflex

Hormonal mechanisms- enterogastrones

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86
Q

Where do the bike duct and main pancreatic duct join duodenum

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

Controlled by Oddi

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87
Q

What do the villi of small intestine contain

A

Capillary bed

Lacteals- lymph

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88
Q

What makes up the brush border

A

Microvilli and enzymes

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89
Q

What is small intestine mucosa made of

A

Absorptive columnar cells
Goblet cells
Enteroendocrine cells

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90
Q

What is another name for intestinal crypts

A

Crypts of lieberkuhn

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91
Q

What do intestinal crypts secrete

A

Intestinal juice
Enzyme poor watery mucus
rapidly dividing stem cells

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92
Q

What do brunners glass secrete

Where are they

A

Alkaline mucus

Duodenum

93
Q

List the lobes of the liver

A

Right
Left
Caudate
Quadrate

94
Q

What does the Falciform ligament do

A

Separate right/ left lobes

Suspend liver from the diaphragm

95
Q

Function of ligamentum teres( round)

A

Remnant of umbilical vein

Along edge of Falciform ligament

96
Q

Where do hepatic artery/ vein enter liver

A

Porta hepatis

97
Q

Where does arterial/ venous blood mix in liver

A

Sinusoids

98
Q

What forms the central vein

A

Sinusoids converging

99
Q

What are lobules made of

A

Hepatocytes

100
Q

What is the triad made of

A

Bike duct
Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein

101
Q

Describe sinusoids

A

Leaky capillaries between hepatic plates

House kupffer cells

102
Q

Function of hepatocytes

A

Bile production
Processing blood borne nutrients/ toxins
Storage of fat soluble vitamins

103
Q

Describe bile

A

Alkaline solution with bile salts and pigments

104
Q

What do bile salts derive from

A

Cholesterol

105
Q

What is the function of bile salts

A

Emulsify fat
Facilitate fat and cholesterol absorption
Help solublize cholesterol

106
Q

How is bile recycled

A

Enterohepatic circulation
Absorbed in blood in the ilium
Return to liver via hepatic portal blood

107
Q

What is main pigment in bile

A

Bilirubin

108
Q

What causes release of bile

A

Acidic fatty chyme in duodenum - CCK and secretin Into blood

Bile salts and secretin stimulate bile production

109
Q

What does CCK. Cause

A

Contractions of gallbladder

Hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax

110
Q

What does pancreatic juice consist of

A

Enzymes

bicarbonate ions

111
Q

What makes pancreatic juice

A

Acinar cells

112
Q

What form are pancreatic enzymes released in

A

Inactive

Activated in duodenum

113
Q

What is the function of pancreatic water solution and HCO3

A

Neutralize acidic chyme

Optimal ph for enzymes

114
Q

Examples of inactive forms of pancreatic enzymes

A

Trypsinogen- trypsin

Procarboxypeptidase- carboxypetidase

115
Q

What enzymes does the pancreas secrete in active form

A

Amylase
Proteases
Lipase
Nuclease

116
Q

What are zymogens

A

Inactive enzymes

117
Q

What activates trypsinogen

A

Enterokinase in duodenum

Then trypsin activates other enzymes

118
Q

Example of proteases

A

Procarboxypeptidase

Chymotrypsinogen

119
Q

What regulates pancreatic secretions

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

Local hormones

120
Q

How does secretin regulate pancreas

A

Released in response to acid
Stimulates release of bicarbonate
Inhibits Gastrin

121
Q

How does CCK regulate pancreatic secretion

A

Released in response to proteins/ fat

Stimulates release of digestive enzymes

122
Q

What condition is chyme that enters the duodenum in

A

Hypertonic
Low ph
Carbs/ protein partially digested
No fat digested

123
Q

What initiates segmentation in small intestine

A

Cajal pacemaker cells

Faster at duodenum

124
Q

What is the migrating motility complex

A

Each wave of peristalsis is distal to the previous

125
Q

What is function of large intestine

A

Absorb remaining water

Elimination

126
Q

What are teniae coli

A

3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in Muscularis externa of lg intestine

127
Q

What are epiploic appendages

A

Fat filled pouches of visceral peritoneum

128
Q

What is the difference in internal/ external anal sphincters

A

Smooth vs skeletal muscle

Involuntary vs voluntary

129
Q

How many valves does the rectum have

Function

A

3 valves

Prevent feces from passing with gas

130
Q

What is large intestine lacking

A

Circular folds
Villi
Microvilli

131
Q

What does large intestine have more of

A

Mucosa thickness
Crypts
Goblet cells

132
Q

Function of anal sinuses

A

Excuse mucus

Compress feces

133
Q

What is associated with the anal canal

A

Superficial venous plexuses

134
Q

What happens when superficial venous plexuses are inflamed

A

Itching

Varicosities- hemorrhoids

135
Q

Where do Colon bacteria come from

A

Survive through small intestine

Trough anus

136
Q

Function of enteric bacteria

A

Ferment indigestible carbs
Release gas and acid
Synth B/ K vitamins
Compete with pathogens

137
Q

What 2 types of movements occur in the large intestine

A

Haustral contractions

Mass movements

138
Q

What stimulates haustral contractions

A

Distension

139
Q

What stimulates mass movements

A

Gastrin
Slow powerful contraction
Just after eating

140
Q

Describe defecation

A

Stretching of rectum- defecation reflex
Sensory nerves to spinal cord
Parasympathetic fibers relax internal sphincter
Voluntary control of external

141
Q

Function of mesentery

A

Vascular and nerve supply to viscera
Hold organs in place
Store fat

142
Q

What is another name for peritoneal organs

A

Mesocolons

143
Q

List intraperitoneal organs

A

Small intestine
Transverse
Sigmoid colon

144
Q

Where Does protein digestion begin

A

The stomach
Acid denatures
Pepsin converts proteins to peptides

145
Q

Describe protein digestion in small intestine

A

Trypsin/ chymotrypsin- peptide fragments

Carboxypeptidase- remove single amino acids from carboxy terminus

146
Q

Describe the brush border

A

Aminopeptidase
Carboxypetidase
Dipeptidase- cleaves last 2 aminos

147
Q

How are proteins absorbed

A

Single aminos transported into epithelial cells
Aminos enter blood capillaries if villi
Transported to liver

148
Q

Where is carbohydrate digestion started

A

Mouth

Amylase

149
Q

What does amylase do

A

Starch into maltose

150
Q

Describe carb digestion

A

Amylase- mouth/ sm intestine

Maltase, sucrase, lactase- sm intestine

151
Q

Maltase

A

Breaks maltose into 2 glucose

152
Q

Sucrase

A

Sucrose into glucose and fructose

153
Q

Lactase

A

Lactose into glucose and galactose

154
Q

Describe carbohydrate absorption

A

Monosaccharides into epithelium
By transporters
Into capillary blood of villi
To liver

155
Q

Where does lipid digestion begin

A

Stomach

156
Q

Describe lipid digestion

A

Stomach- mechanical
Small intestine- bile salts emulsify
Pancreas- lipase

157
Q

What does lipase do

A

Digest triglycerides Into fatty acid and monoglycerides - micelles

158
Q

Lipid absorption

A 
Fatty acids/ monoglycerides leave micelles
Diffuse across epithelium
SER triglycerides are reformed
Associated with protein
Endocytosed 
Taken into lacteals
159
Q

What is a chylomicron

A

Triglyceride with protein

160
Q

How are nucleic acids absorbed

A

Active transport via membrane carriers
Villi
Liver

161
Q

Where is most water reabsorbed

A

Small intestine

By osmosis

162
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reactions necessary for life

163
Q

Anabolic

A

Synth larger from smaller

164
Q

Catabolic

A

Hydrolysis of structures to smaller ones

165
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Catabolic

Glucose broken down to capture energy- ATP

166
Q

3 major stages of metabolism

A

Digestion
Anabolism and formation of catabolic intermediates
Oxidative breakdown

167
Q

Examples of oxidation

A

Rusting of iron
Burning of hydrogen
Oxides form

168
Q

Example of reduction

A

Remove oxygen from metal oxide ores

169
Q

Oxidation

A

Lose electrons

170
Q

Reduction

A

Gain electrons

171
Q

Reducing agent

A

Electron donor
Oxidized
Loses electrons

172
Q

Oxidizing agent

A

Electron acceptor
Reduced
Gains

173
Q

What happens to glucose and oxygen

A

Glucose oxidized

Oxygen reduced

174
Q

2 important coenzymes

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide FAD

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD

175
Q

What are the 3 carb metabolism pathways

A

Glycolysis
Krebs
ETC
Oxidative phosphorylation

176
Q

Main points of glycolysis

A

Glucose oxidized into pyruvic acid
NAD to NADH
2 ATP

177
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place

A

Mitochondrial matrix

178
Q

What Are products of Krebs cycle

A

Co2 released
NAD to NADH
FADH
ATP

179
Q

How many steps does Krebs have

A

8 steps

180
Q

What occurs during Krebs

A

Acetyl coA is rearranged- keto acids
Decarboxylated
And oxidized

181
Q

Where Is the ETC

A

Inner Mitochondrial membrane

182
Q

How does oxidative phosphorylation work

A

H pumped into inner membrane space

Diffuses back via ATP synthase

183
Q

What type of process is oxidative phosphorylation

A

Chemiosmotic process

Movement of substances across membrane couples reactions

184
Q

What is glycogenesis

A

Formation of glycogen

Excess glucose

185
Q

What promotes glycogenesis

A

Insulin

Through phosphorylation of glucose

186
Q

What areas are most active in glycogenesis

A

Liver

Muscle

187
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of glycogen to replenish glucose levels

188
Q

Glycogenolysis promoted by

A

GH

Glucagon

189
Q

Glycogenolysis inhibited by

A

Insulin

190
Q

What does glycogenolysis produce in most cells

In liver

A

Cells- glucose6 phosphate trapped in cells

Liver- free glucose

191
Q

What is gluconeogenesis

A

Formation of sugar from noncarb molecules

192
Q

What inhibits gluconeogenesis

A

Insulin

193
Q

Promotes gluconeogenesis

A

Glucagon

Glucocorticoids- cortisol

194
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis occur

Why

A

Liver
Protect brain
Ensure there is ATP

195
Q

What is lipolysis

A

Catabolism of fat by 2 pathways

196
Q

What 2 lipolysis pathways ate there

A

Glycerol

Fatty acid pathway

197
Q

Describe glycerol lipolysis

A

Glycerol converted to glyceraldehyde phosphate
Then acetyl coA
Krebs

198
Q

Describe fatty acid lipolysis

A

Fatty acids undergo beta oxidation
Then 2 carbon acetic acetyl coA
Krebs

199
Q

What must be present for fatty acids to enter Krebs

A

Oxaloacetic acid

200
Q

What happens when carbs are deficient

A

Oxaloatic acid converted to glucose

201
Q

What happens without Oxaloacetic acid

A

Acetyl coA is converted into ketones in liver

202
Q

What happens from ketone accumulation

A

Ketosis
Ketones in urine
Metabolic acidosis
Breathing increases to blow off carbonic acid

203
Q

What causes carbohydrate deficiency

A

DM
Starvation
Dieting

204
Q

Describe lipogenesis

A

Excess dietary glycerol and fatty acid form triglycerides

205
Q

Why is glucose easily converted to fat

A

Acetyl coA is a glucose catabolism intermediate

Acetyl coA is start for synth of fatty acids

206
Q

What type of cells synthesize phospholipids

A

All cells

207
Q

What type of lipids are synthesized in the liver

A

Cholesterol
Lipoproteins for transport
Cholesterol from acetyl coA
Help form bile salts

208
Q

What does excess dietary protein result in

A

Amino acids oxidized

Converted to fat

209
Q

What must happen to amino acids prior to oxidation

A

Deaminatation

210
Q

What are deaminated amino acids converted into

A

Pyruvic acid

Keto acid intermediate of Krebs

211
Q

What happens to amine group during protein metabolism

A

Released as ammonia
Combined with CO2 in liver
Excreted as urea

212
Q

What is the nutrient pool

A

Body’s total supply of nutrients

Can be interconverted

213
Q

What is the absorptive state

A

Time during/ right after nutrient intake

214
Q

What is post absorptive state

A

When GI tract is empty

Energy supplied by body reserves

215
Q

What occurs during absorptive state

A

Anabolism
Energy storage
Glucose is major fuel
Excess aminos are deaminated and used/ stored

216
Q

Absorptive in muscle

A

Amino acid- protein

Glucose to glycogen

217
Q

Absorptive in liver

A

Amino acid- protein/ keto acid

Glucose- glycogen/ fat

218
Q

Absorptive in adipose

A

Glucose/ fat converted and stored

219
Q

What stimulates insulin release

A 
Increased blood glucose
Elevate amino acid levels
Gastrin
CCK
Secretin
220
Q

What does insulin enhance

A

Active transport of amino acids into cells

Facilitated diffusion of glucose into tissue

221
Q

What occurs during post absorptive state

A

Catabolism
Replace fuel into blood
Glucose from glycogenolysis/ gluconeogenesis
Fatty acid/ ketones are major fuel supply
Amino acids converted to glucose in liver

222
Q

Post absorptive in muscle

A

Protein broken into aminos

Glycogen converted to ATP/ pyruvic acid

223
Q

Post absorptive in liver

A

Amino, pyruvate, glycogen. Converted to glucose

Fat into keto acids for ATP

224
Q

Where can you get glucose from directly

A

Liver

Not muscle

225
Q

Why don’t low carb meals cause hypoglycemia

A

Glucagon and insulin secreted together

226
Q

What stimulates glucagon secretion

A

Decrease blood glucose

Elevated aminos acid levels

227
Q

Glucagon stimulates

A

Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Fat breakdown from adipose
Glucose sparing

228
Q

What does low plasma glucose stimulate

A

Epinephrine release

Act on liver, muscle, adipose to promote glycogenolysis

A&P 2 Exam 3 (2 decks)

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