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AH (CLB) > Nutrition - Livestock > Flashcards

Nutrition - Livestock Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main requirements for livestock nutrition?

A
  • Animals must have enough nutrients to maintain metabolic processes and locomotion.
  • Animals need sufficient nutrients to maintain production (meat/ milk/ wool/ lactation etc)
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2
Q

What are the two main components of food?

A
  • Water
  • Dry matter
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3
Q

What are the 5 main macronutrients?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Fat
  • Energy
  • Protein
  • Minerals
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4
Q

Why do we need to measure the nutrient composition in feeds?

A
  • To determine the variation between feeds
  • To prevent under/ over nutrition
  • To formulate the correct feed ration
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5
Q

What is dry matter?

A

The mass of food remaining after all the water has been removed.

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6
Q

How is dry matter obtained?

A
  • Food is dried in an oven at 60-100 degrees
  • OR food is freeze dried (lyophilisation)
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7
Q

What are the key components of plant cell walls?

A
  • CHO chains - hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin
  • Water soluble carbohydrates - starch, sugars, pectin.
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8
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A
  • Amino acids that cannot be synthesised in vivo (so must be provided in the diet)
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9
Q

What are two of the main essential amino acids for cats and dogs?

A
  • Arginine essential for dogs and cats
  • Taurine essential for cats
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10
Q

What are conditionally essential amino acids?

A
  • Amino acids that cannot be synthesised at a fast enough rate (under certain conditions)
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11
Q

What are non-essential amino acids?

A
  • Amino acids that can be synthesised in vivo
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12
Q

How do we measure the amount of crude protein in a food sample?

A

Must measure the amount of nitrogen present.

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13
Q

Give a simple overview of how crude protein is obtained

A

Using the Kjendal N method
1) Digestion (boiled with acid)
2) Distillation (NaOH, boric acid used)
3) Titration (titrated with acid to quantify the ammonia)

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14
Q

Why are fats and oils needed in feed stuffs?

A
  • They are carriers of vitamins A, D, E and K
  • They are high energy
  • They reduce dust in pelleted feeds
  • They help with binding for pelleted feeds
  • They improve palatability of some foods
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15
Q

How do we measure the amount of fat in feed?

A

Using an ether extract process under reflux conditions.

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16
Q

What are the limitations of removing fat this way?

A
  • You cannot distinguish what the different fats and oils are in a sample
  • Only determines the fats that can be extracted by that particular solvent
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17
Q

What is the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides, digosaccharides and polysaccharides.

A
  • Monosaccharides = 1 sugar unit
  • Disaccharides = 2 sugar units
  • Digosaccharides = Several sugar units
  • Polysaccharides = Many monosaccharide units
18
Q

Describe the structure of cellulose found in plant cell walls.

A
  • Linear chain of beta-D-glucose units linked by beta-1.4 glycosidic bonds
19
Q

What is the difference between ruminants and non-ruminants in terms of cellulose breakdown?

A
  • Cellulose is indigestible in non-ruminants as it cannot be digested by mammalian enzymes
  • Cellulose can be digested by ruminants as rumen microorganisms can degrade and ferment it.
20
Q

Where is lignin found?

A

Lignin found in the stems and trunks of plants.

21
Q

Can lignin be digested?

A
  • Lignin is resistant to degradation by mammalian and microbial enzymes.
  • Anaerobic fungi in the rumen microbiome are thought to be able to modify the structure of lignin.
22
Q

How do we measure the amount of fibre in feed?

A

1) Take a sample post fat extraction
2) Boil in acid
3) Boil in alkali
4) The residual feed contains cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.

23
Q

What are the imitations of measuring fibre in this way?

A
  • Cannot distinguish between the different types of fibre.
  • Often gives an under estimation due to soluble fibre components.
24
Q

What does NDF stand for?

A

Neutral detergent fibre

25
Q

What does ADF stand for?

A

Acid detergent fibre

26
Q

What does ADL stand for?

A

Acid detergent lignin

27
Q

How do we measure the amount of ash in feed?

A

Ignite the dried feed sample at more than 500 degrees in a muffle furnace for 4+ hours.

28
Q

What does ash consist of?

A

Inorganic matter and minerals

29
Q

Using the Weende system, how do you calculate the quantity of nitrogen free extractives (NFE) in a food sample?

A

NFE = 1000 - (water+ash+CP+CF+EE)

CP = crude protein
CF = crude fibre
EE = ethane extract

30
Q

What is the equation to calculate dry matter digestibility?

A

DM digestibility = (DM consumed - DM excreted) / DM consumed

31
Q

What is gross energy?

A

The energy released when feed is completely combusted in oxygen

32
Q

How do you measure gross energy?

A

Using bomb calorimetry

33
Q

What is digestible energy?

A

The energy available following digestion

34
Q

How do you calculate digestible energy?

A

Digestible energy = gross energy - faecal energy

35
Q

What is metabolizable energy?

A

The energy retained within the body

36
Q

How do you calculate metabolizable energy?

A

Metabolizable energy = gross energy - (faecal + urinary + methane energy)

37
Q

What is net energy?

A

The energy available for maintenance and production

38
Q

How do you calculate net energy?

A

Net energy = gross energy - (faecal + urinary + methane energy + heat incriment)

39
Q

Complete the sentence:
A protein is only ever as good as its ….

A

Limiting amino acid

40
Q

What makes a good quality protein?

A

A good quality protein contains all essential amino in proportions capable of promoting growth (when they are the only proteins in the diet)

41
Q

What is the calculation used to measure protein quality?

A

(N intake - (faecal N - MFN) - (urinary N - EUN)) / N intake - (faecal N - MFN)

MFN = metabolic faecal N

42
Q

What is a PDCAAS?

A

Protein digestibility amino acid score

AH (CLB) (20 decks)

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