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Animal > Nutrition Intro > Flashcards

Nutrition Intro Flashcards

1
Q

How much does nutrition account for in production costs

A

80%

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2
Q

Give examples of mineral deficiencies (3) and associated vitamins (2)

A

Swayback - Cu
Pining - Co and B12
White muscle disease - Se & vitamin E

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3
Q

What are signs of swayback

A

Hallow back

Poor quality wool

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4
Q

Signs of pining

A

Reduce appetite
Lethargic
Poor wool quality

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5
Q

Signs of white muscle disease

A

Reduce fertility and immune response
Arched back
Stiffness

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6
Q

What mineral is toxic to sheep

A

Copper

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7
Q

Metabolic diseases associated with nutrient deficiency

A

Hypocalcaemia (milk fever

Hypomagnesaemia

Hypoglycaemia - when energy output is greater than input (weight loss)

Fatty liver syndrome - fat is broken down to fast for liver to process
( weight loss)

Pregnancy toxaemia - poor nutrition during pregnancy

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8
Q

Other names for hypoglycaemia

A

Ketosis

Acetone mica

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9
Q

What other problems are associated with poor nutrition

A

Obesity

Red clover - redux fertility

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10
Q

Break down of constituents of food

A
  1. Food
  2. Water & DM
  3. DM - inorganic & organic

Inorganic - minerals

Organic - lipid CHO protein vitamins nucleic acid fatty acids

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11
Q

Breakdown of forage constituents

A
  1. Forage
  2. water & DM
  3. DM - organic and inorganic

Inorganic - minerals

Organic - lignin lipids CHO (structural and non-structural) protein (true and non true) vitamins

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12
Q

Traditional proximate analysis of feeds (6)

A

Moisture content

Ash

Crude protein

Ether extract

Crude fibre

Nitrogen free extract

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13
Q

What are traditional feed analysis measured in

A

g/kg

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14
Q

What is ash

A

When all organic matter is burned off at 550 degrees

Inorganic matter left

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15
Q

What is ether extract

A

When lipids and organic acids alcohol and pigments are dissolved in ether

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16
Q

What is crude fibre

A

Residue from ether being boiled in acid and alkali

Insoluble fibre remains
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin

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17
Q

What is crude protein

A

Calculated from nitrogen content

Protein has 16% nitrogen

100/16 = 6.25

CP = N x 6.25

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18
Q

What is nitrogen free extract

A

100 - Moisture + ash + CP +CF + ether

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19
Q

What are modern feed analysis

A

Dry matter DM

Organic Matter

Neutral Detergent Fibre

Acid Detergent fibre

20
Q

What is dry matter mesure

A

g/kg

21
Q

Organic matter

A

OM = DM - ash (inorganic)

g/kg DM

22
Q

What is neutral detergent fibre (NDF)

A

Fibre that is insoluble in neutral detergent

Plant cell wall
Hemicellulose
Cellulose
Lignin

23
Q

What is acid detergent fibre (ADF)

A

Fibre insoluble in acid

Cellulose and lignin

24
Q

What is active fibre

A

Predicted measure of long fibres in feed

Shorter fibres more digestible but need long fibres to maintain rumen health

25
Q

What is WCS

A

Water soluble carbohydrates

= friction and simple sugar

26
Q

What is ADIN

A

Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen

= fibre bound indigestible fibre

Digestibikity is inversely proportional to ADIN

27
Q

What is DF

A

Dietary fibre

  • indigestible proportion of plant

= lignin + polysaccharide

28
Q

What is NSP

A

Non starch polysaccharides

NSP + lignin= cell wall components

Soluble
Pectin

Insoluble
Cellulose hemicellulose

29
Q

What is the difference between digestion and degradation

A

Digestion
- break down of large insoluble molecules to small simple molecules
= mechanical chemical and microbial

Degradation
- essentially microbial

30
Q

GE

A

Gross energy
Total energy of food

Heat combustion

31
Q

DE

A

Digestible energy

= GE - energy in faeces

32
Q

ME

A

Metabolisable energy

Further losses

ME = DE - energy in urine & methane

33
Q

NE

A

Net energy
Further loses

NE = ME - energy lost as heat

34
Q

What is NE used for

A

Maintenance

Production

35
Q

What is heat increments

A

Energy lost to surroundings

Conduction
Water loss
Evaporation
Convection

Heat lost through food breakdown

  • muscle
  • saliva
  • chewing
  • swallowing
36
Q

TP

A

True protein

Protein left once NPN is removed

37
Q

NPN

A

Non protein nitrogen

Ammonia
Urea

38
Q

DCP

A

Digestible crude protein

Cp remaining after faeces amount removed

Not reliable as rumen produce protein

39
Q

Rumen protein digestion

A

Rumen digestible protein (RDP)

Broken down
Quickly (QDP)
Slowly (SDP)

To protein utilised by microbes
(ERDP)
Effective rumen digestible protein

40
Q

What happens to ERDP

A

Broken down to

MCP - microbial crude protein

MTP - microbial true protein

To
DMTP

digestible microbial true protein

To
Metabolisable protein MP

To
NP

41
Q

What happens to protein that can’t be digested in rumen

A

UDP
Undegradable protein

To

Digestible undegradable protein DUP

To
MP

To NP

42
Q

Look at rumen digestion diagram

A

Do it

43
Q

BV

A

Biological value

Direct measure of dietary protein that can be used by animal

Balance of N intake and output taking into account

Endogenous N excreted in irons
Metabolic faecal N in faeces

44
Q

What is endogenous

A

Material originating from within organism

45
Q

What are some additives

A

Sensory
(Colourants flavours)

Technological
(Preservatives antioxidants)

Zootechnical
(Digestible enhancers, gut flora stabilisers)

Nutritional
Vitamins trace elements Aa

46
Q

Some EU legislation

A

In feed hormones banned

Fish meal banned -TSe, mad cow disease is a form
(Except in calve milk)

GM feeds - banned production

Mercury levels in feed restricted
- bioaccumulate

47
Q

Why is nutrition important for farmers

A

Leads to better quality product

  • wool
  • beef
  • milk yield

Better animal growth

Reduce diseases

Animal (3 decks)

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