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CMB > Nutrition I and II > Flashcards

Nutrition I and II Flashcards

1
Q

BMI formula

A

Wt in kg/(Ht in m)^2 OR Wt in kg/(Ht in m)^2 x 703

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2
Q

BMI ranges

A

Healthy: 19.5-25 Overweight 25.1-29.9 Obese: >30 Morbidly obese: >40

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3
Q

3 macronutrients

A
  1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins
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4
Q

Micronutrients

A

Vitamins (fat and water soluble) and minerals essential for proper metabolism

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5
Q

4 factors which influence energy need

A
  1. Body surface area (proportional to heat loss) 2. Age and hormonal status 3. Gender 4. Activity level
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6
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

Weight in kg x 24 kcal/kg per day Amount of energy that keeps an individual alive without physicial activity

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7
Q

Hormone effects on BMR

A

Thyroxin, sex hormones, growth hormone, epinephrine and cortisol increase BMR

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8
Q

How age affects BMR

A

Decrease in BMR of 2% each decade

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9
Q

BMR in hospitalized pts

A

BMR x 1.2 for bed rest activity and BMR x 1.5 for stress factor (more important in severely sick patients)

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10
Q

How are food calories measured?

A

kcal/g

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11
Q

of kcal/g for protein, fat, carbs, alcohol

A

Fat: 9 kcal/g Protein: 4 kcal/g Carbs: 4 kcal/g Alcohol: 7 kcal/g

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12
Q

Amount of carbs, protein, fat, fiber to consume daily

A

Carbs: 45-65% (at least 130g, 300-400g) Protein: 10-35% (70-90g) Fat: 20-35% (60-100g) Fiber: Men-38g Women-25g

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13
Q

Most common nutritional problems

A

Carbohydrate intolerances–diabetes and lactose intolerance

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14
Q

How much essential fatty acids in diet?

A

10% of total fat intake

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15
Q

How is excess fat stored?

A

Triacylglycerol

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16
Q

What diseases are high fat intake associated with?

A

Heart disease, colon, breast, and prostate cancers

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17
Q

Relationship between coronary artery disease and fat intake

A

Excess saturated fat directly related to high serum cholesterol thus the development of CAD

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18
Q

Monounsaturated fatty acids

A

Lower plasma cholesterol levels (olive, safflower, canola, peanut oils)

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19
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

Essential linoleic and linoleic acid. omega-3 (flaxseed oil, salmon) and omega-6 (sunflower, soybean, corn oils)

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20
Q

Scaly dermatitis

A

Symptom of essential fatty acid deficiency. Hair loss, poor wound healing.

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21
Q

What happens to excess protein?

A

Converted to glucose or fats. Eventually all converted to triglycerides in adipose tissue.

22
Q

Nitrogen balance

A

Comparison between intake of nitrogen in protein and excertion of nitrogen. Negative balance means inadequate protein intake or lack of essential AAs and positive balance means increased intake.

23
Q

Protein requirements in illness, surgery, trauma

A

Catabolic response with release of chemicals which cause acceleration in body protein breakdown and negative nitrogen balance

24
Q

Dietary fiber

A

Components of food which cannot be broken down by human digestive enzymes

25
Q

Benefits of fiber

A

Reduce risk of colon cancer, benefit diverticular disease, lower cholesterol, slow rise of blood sugar, bind carcinogens

26
Q

What has fiber in it?

A

Water insoluble: Vegetables, wheat, grain Water soluble: fruits, oats, legumes

27
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

DEKA Too much of them can be problematic

28
Q

Water-soluble vitamins

A

B family, C Unknown if risk of too much

29
Q

Macrominerals

A

Sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, magnesium

30
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic molecule required for certain metabolic functions and cannot be synthesized (or cannot make enough of it)

31
Q

What is special about vitamin C?

A

Does not always need an enzyme to work in the body. All the other vitamins are taken up in inactive form and require cofactors or coenzymes to work.

32
Q

What is the prudent diet? (3)

A
  1. Reduce consumption of total calories, fat, cholesterol, simple sugars, salt 2. Increase fiber 3. Increase physicial activity
33
Q

Macronutrients vs micronutrients

A

Macronutrients needed to generate energy and build the body. Micronutrients are needed to run biochemical and physiological processes.

34
Q

Vitamin A (active/inactive forms and functions)

A

Active: retinol, retinal Inactive: carotenoids Functions: antioxidant, act like steroid hormones and bind chromatin to affect cell growth/differentiation, good for vision

35
Q

Vitamin A sources

A

Liver, egg yolk, butter, milk, dark green/yellow veggies

36
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

Night blindness, anemia, follicular hyperkeratosis (rough keratinized skin)

37
Q

Vitamin A toxicity

A

10x RDA in pregnant women can cause brain damage to infants, toxicity also found in arctic and with acne treatment

38
Q

Vitamin D (active/other forms and functions)

A

Active: 1-alpha,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol Other: cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol Functions: regulate calcium, calcium transport

39
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets (osteoid and cartilage not mineralized), osteomalacia (bone softening), fat malabsorbtion

40
Q

Vitamin D toxicity

A

10-100x RDA causes hypercalecemia with widespread calcification and kidney stones

41
Q

Vitamin E (active forms and functions)

A

Active: Tocopherols Functions: antioxidant, stabilizes coenzyme Q in cellular respiration, enhances heme synthesis, protects CNS

42
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

None are known

43
Q

Vitamin K (active/other forms and functions)

A

Active: phytylmenaquinone Other: multiprenylmenaquinones Functions: cofactor in post-translational synthesis of gamma-carboxy glutamic acid (Gla) from Glu on proteins which bind calcium

44
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

A

Increased clotting time

45
Q

Timeline for nutritional deficiencies (4)

A
  1. Loss of nutrient stores 2. Biochemical changes 3. Early clinical symptoms 4. Histopathological changes
46
Q

Diseases for which obesity is a primary risk factor

A

Coronary artery disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, stroke, gallstones, osteoarthritis, respiratory problems, cancers

47
Q

Blood levels affected by obesity

A

Elevation in serum free fatty acids, cholesterol, triacylglycerides regardless of dietary fat intake. Higher fasting blood glucose and decreased glucose intolerance.

48
Q

Waist circumference risk assessment

A

Men: >40in Women: >38in Abdominal fat cells more active and sensitive to hormones, release fat into portal circulation.

49
Q

3 meds for obesity

A
  1. Orlistat (lipase inhibitor–inhibits digestion/absorbtion of fat) 2. Phentermine (appetite supressant) 3. Sibutramine (sends satiety signals to brain)
50
Q

Protein-calorie malnutrition starvation

A

Usually in third world countries, poor, elderly. Risk factors include insufficient protein intake, accelerated loss of lean body mass, functional impairments (broken bones, dementia, loss of strength), medical complications (slower wound healing, increased mortality)

51
Q

Marasmus

A

Starvation-not enough calories or nutrients. Most common in children <1yr from early weaning. In adults seen in disorders that affect food intake.

52
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

Most widespread nutritional problem in young children. Results from weaning infant from breast milk to starchy protein-poor diet (adequate in calories but lack of dietary AAs results in diminished protein synthesis in tissues. Poor growth, low plasma protein, muscle wasting, edema (especially in abdomen), diarrhea, infections, malabsorbtion of calories proteins and vitamins

CMB (34 decks)

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