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Nutrition > Nutrition I > Flashcards

Nutrition I Flashcards

1
Q

a healthy diet results in what

A

Appropriate growth and development
Absence of illness or discomfort
Fitness, longevity and optimum health

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2
Q

what are key variables that influence nutritional demands and the incidence and presence of disease with a nutritional basis

A

stage of development (fetus, baby, adult etc)
level of inflammatory stress
previous nutritional exposure in utero
genotype

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3
Q

what plays a significant role in morbidity and mortality in a wide range of chronic diseases with a nutritional basis

A

inflammatory arm of the immune system

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4
Q

Why do so many diseases, particularly chronic ones, involve activation of the inflammatory arm of the immune system?

A

because we are surrounded by microbes and our physiology is designed to resist them

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5
Q

what are the pro inflammatory cytokines of the immune system and inflammatory response

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNFalpha

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6
Q

what is the inflammatory response designed to do

A

combat pathogens and survive injury

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7
Q

what is a negative acute phase reactant

A

albumin

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8
Q

what happens to serum albumin when inflammatory response become raised

A

they decrease

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9
Q

what works along side cytokines when there is an inflammatory response

A

oxidants

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10
Q

if body cell mass (body protein content) is greater than 30% of body weight in HIV patients, what is the mean survival

A

527 days (n=19)

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11
Q

if body cell mass (body protein content) is less than 30% of body weight in HIV patients, what is the mean surivial

A

335 days (n=20)

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12
Q

what are some examples of inflammatory response acting in a disadvantageous way in individuals?

A

inflammatory stimuli can lead to inflammation which leads to:
insulin insensitivity (diabetes mellitus)
hyperlipidemia
atherosclerosis (myocardial infarction)
mortality and morbidity

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13
Q

what would be an advantage of the inflammation caused by inflammatory stimuli

A

pathogen killing

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14
Q

factors that influence the level of inflammation in the body and its effects

A 
•Antioxidant intake *
•The type of fat in the diet *
•Obesity *
•Gender
•Aging
•Genetics
* Direct or indirect nutritional influence
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15
Q

what does nutrients lead to

A

growth, development, function, repair

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16
Q

what are some important functions of nutrients

A
  • substrates for energy
  • building blocks (protein –> cell membrane)
  • precursors for physiologically important molecules (cholesterol —-> vit D)
  • cofactors for enzyme reactions
  • regulators of cell function
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17
Q

why are some nutrients considered essential nutrients

A

they cannot be synthesized in humans and must come from diet

18
Q

examples of essential nutrients

A

minerals, most vitamins, some amino acids, some fatty acids

19
Q

why are some nutrients considered non essential nutrients

A

can be synthesized in humans

can come from diet or be synthesized from other essential nutrients or non essential nutrients

20
Q

examples of non essential nutrients

A

a few vitamins, some amino acids, many fatty acids, carbohydrates

21
Q

what are macronutrients

A

carbohydrates, proteins, fat, alcohol

22
Q

what are micronutrients

A

vitamins and minerals

SN: other category called non nutrients (fiber, e.g.)

23
Q

what happens if supply of nutrients does not meet the demand

A

you have malnutrition

24
Q

what does one see in people where the supply of nutrients does not meet the demand aka those who are malnutritioned

A

poor growth, impaired development, impaired function, poor repair from damage and injury, illness, and death

25
Q

what happens when supply of nutrients exceeds the demand

A
  • one meets the needs
  • excess may be excreted
  • excess may be stored (sugar –> glycogen, fat –> adipose tissue, calcium –> bones)
26
Q

what happens if excess nutrients enter the body as fat, protein, or carbohydrate

A

they all get stored as fat in adipose tissue

27
Q

BMI for some WHO terms as underweight and what is the popular description

A

less than 18.5kg/m2

thin

28
Q

what is the BMI for healthy/normal/acceptable people

A

18.5 - 24.9

29
Q

BMI for some WHO terms as grade 1 overweight and what is the popular description

A

25.0 - 29.9

overweight

30
Q

BMI for some WHO terms as grade 2 overweight and what is the popular description

A

30 - 39.9

obese

31
Q

BMI for some WHO terms as grade 3 overweight and what is the popular description

A

greater than 40

morbidly obese

32
Q

what are the patterns of obesity

A 
apple shaped (most of weight carried in the upper half/abdomen)(has a big impact on health --- fat around visceral organs and therefore produces a good number of inflammatory cytokines) 
pear shaped (most of weight carried in the hips or lower half)(more subcutaneous fat therefore less inflammatory cytokines)
33
Q

energy balance equation

A

energy intake - energy expenditure = change in body energy stores

34
Q

what are the components of energy expenditure

A

activity, thermogenesis (dietary, thermoregulatory, adaptive), and maintenance (BMR)

35
Q

what are the three kinds of malnutrition

A

undernutrition (protein and energy) –> low food intake
specific deficiencies –> imbalanced nutrient intake
excess energy –> overweight and obesity

36
Q

key factors which influence nutritional demand

A 
stage of life (infant, fetus, adult etc)
rate of growth
level of physical activity
pregnancy and lactation
infection and inflammatory stress
early life influences that sets patterns for life
genes
presence of disease
37
Q

rate of whole body protein synthesis at different stages of life: premature baby, infant aged 1 year, young adult, elderly

A

premature baby - 17.4
infant - 6.9
young adult - 3
elderly - 1.9

38
Q

what does the rate of whole body protein synthesis impact

A

speed of wound healing

recovery from infection

39
Q

chronic disease of aging

A 
• (Cardio)vascular disease
• Metabolic disease: Obesity, Type-2 diabetes,
Fatty liver ....
• Sarcopenia
• Osteoporosis
• Respiratory disease
• Cancer
• Cognitive decline and dementia
40
Q

percentage for men and women of mortality due to vascular disease

A

men - 34%
women - 33%
both percentages higher than those seen in cancer

41
Q

Contribution of infectious diseases to mortality rates around the world – what two places are they the highest and the lowest?

A

highest - Africa and Eastern Mediterranean

lowest - Europe and Americas

Nutrition (15 decks)

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