Nutrition I Flashcards
a healthy diet results in what
Appropriate growth and development
Absence of illness or discomfort
Fitness, longevity and optimum health
what are key variables that influence nutritional demands and the incidence and presence of disease with a nutritional basis
stage of development (fetus, baby, adult etc)
level of inflammatory stress
previous nutritional exposure in utero
genotype
what plays a significant role in morbidity and mortality in a wide range of chronic diseases with a nutritional basis
inflammatory arm of the immune system
Why do so many diseases, particularly chronic ones, involve activation of the inflammatory arm of the immune system?
because we are surrounded by microbes and our physiology is designed to resist them
what are the pro inflammatory cytokines of the immune system and inflammatory response
IL-1, IL-6, TNFalpha
what is the inflammatory response designed to do
combat pathogens and survive injury
what is a negative acute phase reactant
albumin
what happens to serum albumin when inflammatory response become raised
they decrease
what works along side cytokines when there is an inflammatory response
oxidants
if body cell mass (body protein content) is greater than 30% of body weight in HIV patients, what is the mean survival
527 days (n=19)
if body cell mass (body protein content) is less than 30% of body weight in HIV patients, what is the mean surivial
335 days (n=20)
what are some examples of inflammatory response acting in a disadvantageous way in individuals?
inflammatory stimuli can lead to inflammation which leads to:
insulin insensitivity (diabetes mellitus)
hyperlipidemia
atherosclerosis (myocardial infarction)
mortality and morbidity
what would be an advantage of the inflammation caused by inflammatory stimuli
pathogen killing
factors that influence the level of inflammation in the body and its effects
•Antioxidant intake * •The type of fat in the diet * •Obesity * •Gender •Aging •Genetics * Direct or indirect nutritional influence
what does nutrients lead to
growth, development, function, repair
what are some important functions of nutrients
- substrates for energy
- building blocks (protein –> cell membrane)
- precursors for physiologically important molecules (cholesterol —-> vit D)
- cofactors for enzyme reactions
- regulators of cell function
why are some nutrients considered essential nutrients
they cannot be synthesized in humans and must come from diet
examples of essential nutrients
minerals, most vitamins, some amino acids, some fatty acids
why are some nutrients considered non essential nutrients
can be synthesized in humans
can come from diet or be synthesized from other essential nutrients or non essential nutrients
examples of non essential nutrients
a few vitamins, some amino acids, many fatty acids, carbohydrates
what are macronutrients
carbohydrates, proteins, fat, alcohol
what are micronutrients
vitamins and minerals
SN: other category called non nutrients (fiber, e.g.)
what happens if supply of nutrients does not meet the demand
you have malnutrition
what does one see in people where the supply of nutrients does not meet the demand aka those who are malnutritioned
poor growth, impaired development, impaired function, poor repair from damage and injury, illness, and death
what happens when supply of nutrients exceeds the demand
- one meets the needs
- excess may be excreted
- excess may be stored (sugar –> glycogen, fat –> adipose tissue, calcium –> bones)
what happens if excess nutrients enter the body as fat, protein, or carbohydrate
they all get stored as fat in adipose tissue
BMI for some WHO terms as underweight and what is the popular description
less than 18.5kg/m2
thin
what is the BMI for healthy/normal/acceptable people
18.5 - 24.9
BMI for some WHO terms as grade 1 overweight and what is the popular description
25.0 - 29.9
overweight
BMI for some WHO terms as grade 2 overweight and what is the popular description
30 - 39.9
obese
BMI for some WHO terms as grade 3 overweight and what is the popular description
greater than 40
morbidly obese
what are the patterns of obesity
apple shaped (most of weight carried in the upper half/abdomen)(has a big impact on health --- fat around visceral organs and therefore produces a good number of inflammatory cytokines) pear shaped (most of weight carried in the hips or lower half)(more subcutaneous fat therefore less inflammatory cytokines)
energy balance equation
energy intake - energy expenditure = change in body energy stores
what are the components of energy expenditure
activity, thermogenesis (dietary, thermoregulatory, adaptive), and maintenance (BMR)
what are the three kinds of malnutrition
undernutrition (protein and energy) –> low food intake
specific deficiencies –> imbalanced nutrient intake
excess energy –> overweight and obesity
key factors which influence nutritional demand
stage of life (infant, fetus, adult etc) rate of growth level of physical activity pregnancy and lactation infection and inflammatory stress early life influences that sets patterns for life genes presence of disease
rate of whole body protein synthesis at different stages of life: premature baby, infant aged 1 year, young adult, elderly
premature baby - 17.4
infant - 6.9
young adult - 3
elderly - 1.9
what does the rate of whole body protein synthesis impact
speed of wound healing
recovery from infection
chronic disease of aging
• (Cardio)vascular disease • Metabolic disease: Obesity, Type-2 diabetes, Fatty liver .... • Sarcopenia • Osteoporosis • Respiratory disease • Cancer • Cognitive decline and dementia
percentage for men and women of mortality due to vascular disease
men - 34%
women - 33%
both percentages higher than those seen in cancer
Contribution of infectious diseases to mortality rates around the world – what two places are they the highest and the lowest?
highest - Africa and Eastern Mediterranean
lowest - Europe and Americas
