Nutrition for Special Populations Flashcards
What are the rates of weight gain for pregnant women?
Underweight- 1-1.3lb per week
Normal- 0.8-1lb per week
Overweight- 0.6lb per week
Obese- .5lb per week
What are the risks of obesity and pregnancy?
Children of overweight/obese women have have 2x higher risk of being obese at age 2 and an increased risk of developing gestational diabetes
What causes morning sickness?
Thought to be related to hormonal changes of pregnancy
What causes heartburn for pregnant women?
Effect of pressure of the enlarged uterus on the intestines and stomach
What are the fetal affects of gestational diabetes?
- High blood sugar in mother provides extra energy for the fetus
- Higher weight baby
- Increases risk for complications= baby’s risk of obesity
What is pica?
compulsive ingestion of unsuitable substances that have little or no nutritional value
What are the energy needs throughout pregnancy?
- first trimester- no increase
- Second trimester- additional 340 calories/day
- Third trimester- additional 112 calories/day
What amount of protein should a pregnant woman have?
25g/day
What foods should a pregnant woman avoid?
- caffeine
- Omit alcohol
- Avoid food contaminant- methyl mercury
- Listeria monocytogens- raw milk, hotdogs
What changes in the female body cause lactation?
- After birth rapid drop in circulating estrogen and progesterone
- Rapid increase in prolactin secretion
- Suckling impulses sent to the hypothalamus
- triggers release of prolactin and oxytocin
- milk accumulates
What are the nutritional needs for lactation?
- first 6 months additional 330 calories
- second 6 months additional 400 calories
What are the types of breast milk produced after birth?
- colostrum
- Transitional milk
- Mature milk
Colostrum milk
First fluid produced after delivery for 4-7 days
High in water, protein, antibodies, minerals, and vitamins
Transitional milk
Lasts up to 14 days
Addition of fat and lactose in larger amounts
Mature milk
Produced after the first 2 weeks
Thinner but produced in same volume
What is break milk composed of?
- 50% fat
- 42% carbs
- 7% protein
- The rest is vitamins and minerals
What is the first solid food recommended for infants?
iron-fortified infant rice cereal
Introduce vegetables before fruits
When are eating habits formed?
First 2 years of life
What do girls need more of as they enter puberty?
Iron and protein
What do boys need more of as they enter puberty?
Protein and calorie requirements increase
What are the nutritional percentages that children 1-3 years old need?
Carbs: 45-65%
Fat: 30-40%
Protein: 5-20%
What are the nutritional percentages that children 4-18 years old need?
Carbs: 45-65%
Fat: 25-35%
Protein: 10-30%
What is the protein daily recommended intake from 1-18 years old?
1-3 years: 1.1g/kg/day= 13g/day
4-8 years: 0.95 g/kg/day = 19g/day
9-13 years: 0.95g/kg/day = 34g/day
14-18 years: .85g/kg/day = 46-52g/day
What do 40% of older adults have nutritional problems with?
Protein energy malnutrition, obesity, or vitamin and mineral deficiencies
What happens to metabolism with age?
Decreased BMR due to a decreased lean body mass with age
What can limit metabolic changes?
moderate exercise
What are 5 nutritional risk factors for malnutrition in the elderly?
- acute and chronic diseases
- Dental problems
- Isolation/depression
- Alcohol abuse
- Financial constraints
What do medications do to nutritional status?
- alter food intake, absorption, or metabolism
- Decrease appetite
- Cause GI disturbances
What causes vitamin D deficiency and osteoporosis in older individuals?
- Inadequate sun exposure
- Avoidance of dietary sources of Vitamin D and calcium
- Increased medication use that interferes with Vitamin D
- Malabsorption of fat soluble vitamins
What are some signs and symptoms of osteoporosis?
- Altered posture
- Decreased height caused by vertebral collapse fracture
- Back pain
- Fractures
What would cause hypermetabolic responses?
- Sepsis
- Trauma
- Burns
- Major surgery
- Stress
- Fractures
What is enteral nutrition?
Tubefeeding
What is parenteral nutrition?
providing nutrients intravenously
