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Nutition > Nutrition for Special Populations > Flashcards

Nutrition for Special Populations Flashcards

1
Q

What are the rates of weight gain for pregnant women?

A

Underweight- 1-1.3lb per week
Normal- 0.8-1lb per week
Overweight- 0.6lb per week
Obese- .5lb per week

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2
Q

What are the risks of obesity and pregnancy?

A

Children of overweight/obese women have have 2x higher risk of being obese at age 2 and an increased risk of developing gestational diabetes

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3
Q

What causes morning sickness?

A

Thought to be related to hormonal changes of pregnancy

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4
Q

What causes heartburn for pregnant women?

A

Effect of pressure of the enlarged uterus on the intestines and stomach

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5
Q

What are the fetal affects of gestational diabetes?

A
  1. High blood sugar in mother provides extra energy for the fetus
  2. Higher weight baby
  3. Increases risk for complications= baby’s risk of obesity
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6
Q

What is pica?

A

compulsive ingestion of unsuitable substances that have little or no nutritional value

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7
Q

What are the energy needs throughout pregnancy?

A
  1. first trimester- no increase
  2. Second trimester- additional 340 calories/day
  3. Third trimester- additional 112 calories/day
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8
Q

What amount of protein should a pregnant woman have?

A

25g/day

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9
Q

What foods should a pregnant woman avoid?

A
  1. caffeine
  2. Omit alcohol
  3. Avoid food contaminant- methyl mercury
  4. Listeria monocytogens- raw milk, hotdogs
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10
Q

What changes in the female body cause lactation?

A
  • After birth rapid drop in circulating estrogen and progesterone
  • Rapid increase in prolactin secretion
  • Suckling impulses sent to the hypothalamus
  • triggers release of prolactin and oxytocin
  • milk accumulates
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11
Q

What are the nutritional needs for lactation?

A
  • first 6 months additional 330 calories

- second 6 months additional 400 calories

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12
Q

What are the types of breast milk produced after birth?

A
  1. colostrum
  2. Transitional milk
  3. Mature milk
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13
Q

Colostrum milk

A

First fluid produced after delivery for 4-7 days

High in water, protein, antibodies, minerals, and vitamins

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14
Q

Transitional milk

A

Lasts up to 14 days

Addition of fat and lactose in larger amounts

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15
Q

Mature milk

A

Produced after the first 2 weeks

Thinner but produced in same volume

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16
Q

What is break milk composed of?

A
  1. 50% fat
  2. 42% carbs
  3. 7% protein
  4. The rest is vitamins and minerals
17
Q

What is the first solid food recommended for infants?

A

iron-fortified infant rice cereal

Introduce vegetables before fruits

18
Q

When are eating habits formed?

A

First 2 years of life

19
Q

What do girls need more of as they enter puberty?

A

Iron and protein

20
Q

What do boys need more of as they enter puberty?

A

Protein and calorie requirements increase

21
Q

What are the nutritional percentages that children 1-3 years old need?

A

Carbs: 45-65%
Fat: 30-40%
Protein: 5-20%

22
Q

What are the nutritional percentages that children 4-18 years old need?

A

Carbs: 45-65%
Fat: 25-35%
Protein: 10-30%

23
Q

What is the protein daily recommended intake from 1-18 years old?

A

1-3 years: 1.1g/kg/day= 13g/day
4-8 years: 0.95 g/kg/day = 19g/day
9-13 years: 0.95g/kg/day = 34g/day
14-18 years: .85g/kg/day = 46-52g/day

24
Q

What do 40% of older adults have nutritional problems with?

A

Protein energy malnutrition, obesity, or vitamin and mineral deficiencies

25
Q

What happens to metabolism with age?

A

Decreased BMR due to a decreased lean body mass with age

26
Q

What can limit metabolic changes?

A

moderate exercise

27
Q

What are 5 nutritional risk factors for malnutrition in the elderly?

A
  1. acute and chronic diseases
  2. Dental problems
  3. Isolation/depression
  4. Alcohol abuse
  5. Financial constraints
28
Q

What do medications do to nutritional status?

A
  1. alter food intake, absorption, or metabolism
  2. Decrease appetite
  3. Cause GI disturbances
29
Q

What causes vitamin D deficiency and osteoporosis in older individuals?

A
  1. Inadequate sun exposure
  2. Avoidance of dietary sources of Vitamin D and calcium
  3. Increased medication use that interferes with Vitamin D
  4. Malabsorption of fat soluble vitamins
30
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of osteoporosis?

A
  1. Altered posture
  2. Decreased height caused by vertebral collapse fracture
  3. Back pain
  4. Fractures
31
Q

What would cause hypermetabolic responses?

A
  1. Sepsis
  2. Trauma
  3. Burns
  4. Major surgery
  5. Stress
  6. Fractures
32
Q

What is enteral nutrition?

A

Tubefeeding

33
Q

What is parenteral nutrition?

A

providing nutrients intravenously

Nutition (5 decks)

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