Nutrition final Exam Flashcards
Why are ruminants able to use structural carbohydrates more efficiently than nonruminants
The rumen is a fermentation system. The microbes can breakdown cellulose to VFAs
Briefly describe how cellulose is degraded in the rumen and include the major products of cellulose degradation
Cellulose —> cell —->
Cell (slow) —> glucose —-> VFAs
Major products: acetate, propionate, butyrate —> absorbed by the papillae
List the routes of water inputs and outputs in a sheep maintained in a thermal-neutral environment
Inputs: drinking, feed, metabolic
Outputs: feces, urine, insensible: skin, lungs
Which route of water output accounts for the greatest proportion of water loss
Insensible loss via the lungs
Which property of water enables it to be such a great physiological solvent
Property polar compound
True or false: glucose and galactose are geoisomers
False
True or false: pancreatic amylase breaks alpha 1-4 bonds in starch
True
How many carbons does fructose contain
6
True or false: amylopectin has alpha 1-2 branching points
False
True or false: C6H12O6 is the empirical formulae for mannose
True
Name 2 monosaccharides in sucrose
Glucose
Fructose
True or false: glucose and fructose have same number of carbons
True
True or false: the alpha 1,6 linkage in amylopectin links two glucose molecules
True
Glucose is a
Hexose
True or false: cellobiose is two glucose molecules linked via a beta 1,6 bond
False
Lactose monosaccharides produced during hydrolysis
Glucose
Galactose
Maltose monosaccharides produced during hydrolysis
Glucose
Glucose
Sucrose monosaccharides produced during hydrolysis
Glucose
Fructose
List the 10 amino acids considered to be dietarily indispensable or essential
Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine
Describe the biological roles of vitamin A
Involved in the light vision process. It is also involved in the maintenance of certain epithelium tissues
What are the 3 major chemical forms of vitamin A
Retinoic acid
Retinol
Retinal
Name the major compound that bile acids are synthesized from
Cholesterol
What is the biological role of bile acids
Help transport the products of lipid digestion through the polar environment to the apical surface of the enterocyte
Why are polyunsaturated fatty acids more susceptible to oxidative damage than saturated fatty acids
Because of the double bonds
Why is the maximum amount it added Se limited to no greater than 0.3 ppm
Because of the concern with toxicity
True or false: there is no vitamin C requirement for horses
True
True or false: niacin can be synthesized from the amino acids leucine
False. Synthesized from menadione
What vitamin is involved in the blood-clotting process
vitamin k
Name the 3 major categories that dietary energy can be partitioned into
Water
Hear
Tissue/product
True or false: iodine value is a measure of the degree of saturation in fatty acids
False. It is a measure of unsaturation
Identify the nutrient deficiencies associated with microcytic anemia
Accept fe, cu
Identify the nutrient deficiencies associated with macrocytic anemia
Vitamin B12
Describe how a nutrient antagonist functions
It can bind to enzymes, but it will not elicit a metabolic response
Explain the relationship between iodine value and the degree of unsaturation
As iodine value increases, the degree of unsaturation increases
Parakeratosis is a deficiency symptom associated with which trace mineral
Zn
Why are skin problems commonly observed with nutrient deficiencies
Skin has a high rate of turnover
What are 3 ways that active vitamin D regulates blood Ca and P concentrations
GIT - absorption
Kidney - PO4 reabsorption
Bone - mobilization into blood
Describe the metabolic functions of vitamin K
Blood clotting
What is the major biological function of Se
Antioxidant
What enzyme is Se a cofactor for
Glutathione peroxidase
True or false: iron is a component of vitamin B12
False
True or false: niacin can be synthesized from the amino acid threonine
False
What vitamin is associated with the deficiency termed black tongue in dogs
Niacin
True or false: saponification is a measure of the degree of unsaturation in fatty acids
False
True or false: vitamin D can be synthesized from bile acids
False
Cottonseed concern
Pigment: gosspol
Toxic
Cottonseed advantage
Increase oil and crude protein
Great for ruminants because of the good amount of undegradeable protein
Blood products advantage
High in protein
Good amino acid profile for non-ruminants
Blood product concern
Sensible to heat
Dry milling process removes
Search and forms ethanol
Remaining concentrated materials combine with protein to get WDGS DDGS
What demand for a nutrient are directly proportional to the requirement
Biological
Specifying nutrient requirements will require
Identifying the species
Determining the type of feeding system in use
Animal is most efficient
Below the requirement
