Exam 2 Flashcards
Describe the biological roles of vitamin a
It is involved in the light vision process and in the maintenance of certain epithelium tissues
Why are 3 major chemical forms of vitamin a
Retinoic acid
Retinol
Retinal
Name the major compound that bile acids are synthesized from
Cholesterol
What is the biological role of bile acids
Help transport the products of lipid digestion through the polar environment to the apical surface of the enterocytes
Why are polyunsaturated fatty acids more susceptible to oxidative damage than saturated fatty acids
Because of the double bonds
Why is the maximum amount of Se limited to no greater than 0.3ppm?
Because of the concern with toxicity
True or false: there is no vitamin C requirement for horses
True
True or false: niacin can be synthesized from the amino acid leucine
False
Amino acids menadione
______ is a vitamin involved in the blood-clotting process
vitamin k
Name the 3 major categories that dietary energy can be partitioned into
Water
Hear
Tissue/product
True or false: iodine value is a measure of the degree of saturation in fatty acids
False
It is the measure of un saturation
Identify the nutrient deficiencies associated with microcytic anemia
Accept Fe, Cu
Identify the nutrient deficiencies associated with macrocytic anemia
Vitamin B12
_____ chain lengths = ______ melting points
Longer
Higher
How to draw C16:2w6
CH3-C-C-C-C-C=C-C-C=…. COOH
-anoic means
Saturated fatty acid
Increase chain length = _____ melting point
Increase
Increase degree of unsaturation =
Decrease melting point
-enoic means
Unsaturated fatty acid
Higher _____ value = more _______ ___ = not as _____ = not appealing _____
Iodine
Unsaturated fats
Solid
Meat
______ saponification number = ______ degree of _______ fats
Increase
Greater
Saturated
Function: bone, teeth, nerve function, muscle function
Calcium
Macro minerals
Calcium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
Trace minerals
Iron
Copper
Zinc
Manganese
Selenium
Potassium function
Bone
ATP
Nuclei acids
Function: extracellular cation, nerve function, muscle function
Sodium
Function: intracellular cation, nerve function, muscle function
Potassium
Magnesium function
Bone
Teeth
Enzyme co-factor
Iron function
Hemoglobin
Cytochrome
Copper function
Oxidase enzymes
Zinc function
Cofactor enzyme
Function: decarboxylase enzymes, glycoprotein synthesis
Manganese
Function: glutathione peroxidase
Selenium
Calcium deficiency symptoms
rickets
Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis
Potassium deficiency symptoms
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Sodium deficiency symptoms
Slow growth
Decreased cardiac output
Impaired reproduction
Potassium deficiency symptoms
Muscular weakness
Tetany
Magnesium deficiency symptoms
Grass tetany
Iron deficiency symptoms
Anemia
Copper deficiency symptoms
Poor wool growth
Anemia
Zinc deficiency symptoms
Parakeratosis
Manganese deficiency symptoms
Ataxia
Selenium deficiency symptoms
White muscle disease
Muscular dystrophy
Liver necrosis
Calcium source
Dairy products
Potassium source
Plant seeds
Phosphate food additives
Sodium sources
Salt
Potassium sources
Bananas
Vegetable proteins
Animal products
Magnesium sources
Leafy green vegetables
Iron source
Meat/animal products
Copper source
Most feeds
Zinc source
Most feeds
Manganese source
Alfalfa meal
Brewers grains
Selenium source
Plant and animal tissues
Fat soluble vitamins
A
D
E
K
Vitamin A function
Vision
Vitamin D function
calcium/phosphorus homeostasis
Vitamin function: free radical scavenger/ antioxid ant
Vitamin E
Vitamin K function
Blood clotting
Vitamin A deficiency symptom
Night blindness
Keratinization
Vitamin D deficiency symptom
Rickets
Vitamin E deficiency symptom
Muscular dystrophy
Vitamin K deficiency symptom
Severe hemorrhaging
Vitamin A source
Animal products
Fish oils
Vitamin D source
Dairy products
Vitamin E source
Green leaves
Corn
Wheat
Vitamin K source
Alfalfa meal
Pasture
What vitamin is given to babies right after they are born
Vitamin K
What is a vitamin K antagonist
Warfarin (rat poisoning)
Vitamin A is involved in regeneration of
Rhodopsin
Insulin acts on
Adipose tissue
water soluble vitamins
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Vitamin B6
Pantothenic acid
Vitamin B12
Vitamin C
Vitamin Function: enzymatic decarboxylation
Thiamin
Riboflavin functions
Coenzymes: FMN, FAD
Niacin function
Coenzymes: NAD, NADP
Vitamin function: decarboxylation of several amino acids, transaminations
Vitamin B6
Vitamin function: coenzyme A, metabolic activation
Pantothenic acid
Vitamin function: propionate metabolism, purine metabolism
Vitamin B12
Vitamin C function
Collagen formation and maintenance
Vitamin deficiency symptom: beriberi, polyneuritis
Thiamin
Vitamin deficiency symptom: curled toe paralysis, skin lesion
Riboflavin
Vitamin deficiency symptom: pellagra, black tongue
Niacin
Vitamin deficiency symptom: convulsions, dermatitis
Vitamin B6
Vitamin deficiency symptom: goose stepping, nerve degeneration
Pantothenic acid
Vitamin deficiency symptom: pernicious anemia, decreased growth rate
Vitamin B12
Vitamin deficiency symptom: vitamin C
Scurvy
Thiamin source
Brewers yeast
Cereal grains
Riboflavin source
Yeast
Milk
Eggs
Niacin source
Animal and fish by-products
Vitamin B6 source
Animal and plant sources
Pantothenic acid source
Animal and plant sources
Vitamin B12 source
Animal products
Vitamin C source
Citrus
Vegetables