Nutrition Exam 2

Question 1

One glucose molecule yields ______ pyruvate molecules.

Answer 1

2 pyruvates

Question 2

What are the three biochemical pathways involved in using glucose for energy?

Answer 2

Acetyl-SCoA Production
Citric Acid Cycle
ATP production

Question 3

Put the following events in the correct order of the occurrence: electron transport, digestion, oxidative phosphorylation, citric acid cycle.

Answer 3

digestion
oxidative phosphorylation
citric acid cycle
electron transport

Question 4

Where does the Citric Acid Cycle and Electron Transport Chain take place?

Answer 4

occurs in the mitochondria matrix and membrane

Question 5

What is the purpose for the Citric Acid cycle?

Answer 5

biochemical hub that oxidizes 2 carbons to transport their energy to reduced co-enzymes

Question 6

How many steps are in the Citric Acid cycle? Which steps produce reduced coenzymes? Name the reduced coenzymes.

Answer 6

8 steps
steps 3,4, and 8 = NADH
steps 6 = FADH2

Question 7

The Citric Acid Cycle is controlled by two molecules. What are the two molecules that control the Citric Acid Cycle?

Answer 7

ATP and reduced coenzymes

Question 8

Step three of the Citric Acid Cycle is an important regulation point. Discuss how ADP and NADH are involved in this regulation.

Answer 8

when there is a high demand of energy then ADP gathers together and acts like an allosteric activator for the enzyme in step 3. When there is a high supply of energy then NADH accumulates and acts as an inhibitor of the enzyme in step 3, causing NAD to be displaced.

Question 9

How are the processes of the Citric Acid Cycle and the electron transport chain linked?

Answer 9

they are linked because the reduced coenzymes produced by the Citric Acid Cycle go and donate energy through the electron transport chain to create ATP

Question 10

True or False. The Citric Acid Cycle produces ATP directly and is used for the body’s energy supply.

Answer 10

False

Question 11

List all the coenzymes needed for the Citric Acid Cycle and what step (number) they are involved in. If there are multiple steps, include all steps in your answer.

Answer 11

NAD+ = steps 3, 4, 8
FAD = step 6
CoA = step 4
TPP = step 4

Question 12

What is the net sum of the net equations for metabolism of 1 glucose molecule through each pathway that precedes oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain)? List the net sum for each product from each pathway. Answering with a table can be helpful.

Answer 12

Substrate = 1 glucose     HOP3^-2 = 4
NAD+ = 10                        NAD +H = 10
FAD = 2                           FADH2 = 2
ADP = 4                           ATP = 4
H2O = 2                            CO2 = 6

Question 13

All of the reduced coenzymes from glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and citric acid cycle are ultimately used in the __________ _________ __________.

Answer 13

electron transport chain

Question 14

What is the proper name for the inner mitochondrial membrane (spelled correctly)?

Answer 14

cristae

Question 15

How does the Electron Transport Chain work?

Answer 15

electrons from the NADH and FADH2 move from one electron carrier to another at a lower state as the carrier is reduced and oxidized to help establish the electro chemical gradient

Question 16

How is the electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane used to synthesize ATP?

Answer 16

H+ moves down the electrochemical gradient that initiates the ATP synthase and that in turn catalyzes ADP and HOPO3^-2 to ATP a process that is called oxidative phosphorylation

Question 17

The final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain is ___________. This acceptor is located at complex _________.

Answer 17

final electron acceptor = oxygen

Question 18

How many ATPs are synthesized from the complete metabolism of 1 glucose molecule?

Answer 18

38 ATP

Question 19

How are reactive oxygen species formed?

Answer 19

formed as necessary intermediates of metal catalyzed oxidation reactions

Question 20

What are the effects of free radicals (good and bad)?

Answer 20

Free radicals break down cells over time and so as the body ages it looses it’s ability to properly fight off these radicals that causes more free radicals, more oxidative stress, and more damage to cells, which leads to *degenerative processes also known as aging.
*central nervous system diseasesTrusted Source, such as Alzheimer’s and other dementias
*cardiovascular disease due to clogged arteries
*autoimmune and inflammatory disordersTrusted Source, such as rheumatoid arthritis and cancer
cataracts and age-related vision decline
*age-related changes in appearance, such as loss of skin elasticity, wrinkles, graying hair, hair loss, and changes in hair texture
diabetes
*genetic degenerative diseases, such as Huntington’s disease or Parkinson’s

Question 21

Discuss how does the body protects against harmful oxygen products (include enzymatic and non-enzymatic protection)?

Answer 21

by producing and maintaining a balance of antioxidants

Question 22

What is a normal blood glucose range for non-ruminants and ruminants? Include the appropriate units for blood glucose.

Answer 22

Non-Ruminants: 100 -110 mg/dL

Ruminants: 40 - 60 mg/dL

Question 23

What are lipids and how are they classified?

Answer 23

Lipids are generally organic compounds that are hydrophobic and soluble in non-polar compounds such as benzene.
Typically they are classified based on physical properties at room temperature, whether they are solid fats or liquid for oils

Question 24

What are lipids?

Answer 24

Lipids are generally organic compounds that are hydrophobic and soluble in non-polar compounds such as benzene.

Question 25

How are lipids classified?

Answer 25

Typically they are classified based on physical properties at room temperature, whether they are solid fats or liquid for oils. Polarity is taken into account as well as saponification, whether or not the ester bonds contain alcohol. Finally there is also lipid structure which has a large impact on nutrition

Question 26

Define derived lipids.

Answer 26

lipids derived from enzyme hydrolysis of simple or compound lipids such as fatty acids