Exam 1 Ruminant Nutrition Flashcards by Victoria Del Toro

what are the 3 classes of ruminants?

Concentrate Selectors
Intermediate
Grass Roughage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many times a day does Concentrate selectors graze?

12 times every 24 hours

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many times a day do Intermediate graze?

5 - 6 times every 24 hours

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many times a day do Grass Roughage eaters graze?

3 times every 24 hours

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why do Grass Roughage eaters graze less?

they have a poorly balanced diet so they consume a lot at once and spend a while digesting it

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what plants do CS eat?

plants high in digestibility with starch, protein and oil

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What animals are categorized as Intermediate (IM)?

Red Deer
Caribou
Elk
Domesticated Goat

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What animals are categorized as Grass Roughages (GR)?

domesticated ruminants
bison
bighorn sheep

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are characteristics of GR?

developed on roughage and grasses

large gut capacity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False:

GR cannot handle concentrates

False

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the portions of the digestive tract

Head with connected glands
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the parts of the Foregut

Esophagus and Stomach

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the parts of the Midgut

small intestine and connected glands

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the Hindgut

large intestine and anus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False:

pH of Rumen decrease when fiber is being broken down

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

where are the tannin-binding factors found?

saliva of concentrate/browers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the 4 characteristics of Concentrate Selectors?

Narrow Muzzle
More Pointed Tongue
Wider Mouth Opening
Salivary Glands take up 0.3% of body weight

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what do tannins do?

attach to protein in forage and makes it unavailable to bacteria and animal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the characteristics of the Grass Selectors?

Large Muzzle
Less Mobile Tongue and Lip
Salivary Glands represent 0.05% of body weight
Saliva Production

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how much saliva do Sheep produce a day?

15 L a day (4G)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how much saliva do cattle produce a day?

180 L a day (47 G)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what does saliva help do in the animal?

lubricate
buffer Rumen
initiate digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

composition of saliva

Mucins
Lipase
Sodium
Potassium
Phosphate
Bicarbonates
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfate
Water
Urea

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how is urea used by the bacteria

recycled by the bacteria it is used to synthesize Nitrogen to help in breakdown and synthesize protein

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the parts of the stomach?

Rumen Reticulum Omasum Abomasum

what is the Honeycomb

Reticulum

what is the Many Plies

Omasum

Function of the non-glandular stomach compartments

site of fermentation absorb of fermentation products start and delay passage of food

function of Rumen

hold digestion vat bacterial fermentation delayed passage

capacity of Ruminoreticulum in cattle and sheep

Cattle: 60 - 100 L Sheep: 9-18 L

capacity of Abomasum in cattle and sheep

Cattle: 5-8 L Sheep: 2 L

what does the gas cap do?

contains methane that compresses the gas expelled

what is the Esophagial Groove?

bypasses the Rumen and delivers milk to Omasum for the baby

what does the bacterial filtration do

a barrier that denies bacteria access to blood

what do butyric and propionic acid do

increases blood flow | stimulates mucosal mitosis and cell proliferation

what does butyrate do

helps with papillae development

function of Reticulum

site of hardware disease | passage through reticulomasal oriface

function of omasum

slows food passage pump food from omasum to abomasum absorbs

what does the omasum absorb

water VFA Minterals

what does alkaline mucus do

protects epithelium against stress and acid

what does Parietal cells secrete

HCl Bicarbonate Intrinsic factor

what does Chief cells secrete

Pepsinogen | Renin

what does G-cells secrete

Gastrin

what does Lysozyme secretion do

will lyse bacteria and speed up digestion of microbial protein

what are the regions of the Abomasum

Cardia Fundus Pyloris

what do mucus cells secrete

alkaline mucus

what does the Cardia Region do

regulates flow from the omasum to abomasum

what does the Pyloric Region do

regulates flow from the Abomasum to the Duodenum

what are the Accessory Glands

Pacreas | LIver

what does the Small Intestine do

excrete hormones

what does the lacteal do

moves circulation in the lumen of the small intestine

what do cuboidal cells do

transports substances from the lumen into the lacteal

function of villi and microvilli

a barrier of diffusion | increase surface area

another name for microvilli

Brush Border

whats the Apical Region

felt-like work of fibers found just below Brush Border

Endoplasmic reticulum function

site of protein synthesis

Golgi Aparatus function

synth of polysaccharides storage intracellular transport of substances

Lysosomes function

lyse unwanted or degenerative material

function of S-cells

secrete secretin | secrete Cholecystokinin

what does Cholecystokinin do

contracts gallbladder and pancreas

what does secretin do

stimulates volume and bicarbonate outputs of pancreatic secretin

pH of the Jejunum

4-5

what are Crypt cells

Intestinal gland

another name for Crypt cells

Lieberkuhn

function of Goblet cells

mucus production

function of Paneth cells

defense against microbes similar to neutraphils secretes antimicrobial molecules into lumen of crypt

average pH of the Rumen

5.5 - 7.2

what happens if pH of Rumen drops below 5.5

reduce forage digestibility | Ruminal Acidosis

what is Osmolarity

measure of solute concentration

osmolarity of Rumen

260 - 340 mOsm

what is the fractions of feed components

A, B1, B2, B3, C

what is Fluid Passage Rate

rate at which fluid goes from the Rumen to the Omasum

what percentage of bacteria participates in Microbial Adhesion

40 - 75%

NAD+ reduces to

NADH

what happens with too much NADH

not enough NAD+ to accept electrons

fermentation involves molecules that?

undergo oxidation | loss of electrons

what are typical fermentation substrates

sugars and amino acids

the 3 main VFA found in the Rumen

Acetic Acid Propionic Acid Butyric Acid

what are the backbones of Hemicellulose

Xylose | Mannose

side chains of Hemicellulose

Galactose Arabinose Glucoronic Acid

Hemicellulose digestibility affected by

specific sugars and their positions

differences between Hemicellulose and Cellulose

shorter chain made up of various monomers beta, 1,4 - linkage backbone

what does xylose do to cellulose

binds to cellulose microfibers on surface to link cellulose and hemicellulose

what is wrong with 5-xylases

no transporter so can't use xylose

what are the three enzymes of starch

alpha amylase debranching enzymes amyloglucosidase

what does the physical form of surrounding starch do

determines the rate of starch degredation

what does alpha amylase do

hydrolyzes alpha 1,4 bonds

what does debranching enzymes do

hydrolyzes alpha 1,6 bonds at branching points

what does amyloglucosidase do

hydrolyzes both alpha 1,4 and 1,6 bonds

what does Prevotella ruminicola do

exclusively degrades non-cellulose components of cell wall

what does Methanogens and fungi stimulate

xylanse and cellulase synthesis by ridding of H through methane production

what prefers cellubiase and has many endoglucanases

Ruminococcus albus and flavefaciens

what metabolic diverse group grows on simple sugars such as arabinose

Butyrivibro fibrosolvens

what turns Xylose to Xylulose

Isomerase

what turns Ribulose-5-Phosphate into Xylulose-5-Phosphate

Epimerase

what does Xylose arise from

hemicellulose breakdown

what does Ribulose-5-Phosphate arise from

hexose oxidation by petose phosphate pathway

what turns Acetyl Phosphate into Acetate

Acetate kinase

what happens between Acetyl Phosphate and Acetyl CoA

phosphate is removed (OHPO3) and CoA-SH added

what happens when Xylose-5-Phosphate is catalyzed by Phosphoketalase

creates Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate and Acetyl Phosphate

what does Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate turn into

Pyruvate

what does Pyruvate turn into

Lactate