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Ruminant Nutrition > Exam 1 Ruminant Nutrition > Flashcards

Exam 1 Ruminant Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 classes of ruminants?

A

Concentrate Selectors
Intermediate
Grass Roughage

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2
Q

how many times a day does Concentrate selectors graze?

A

12 times every 24 hours

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3
Q

how many times a day do Intermediate graze?

A

5 - 6 times every 24 hours

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4
Q

how many times a day do Grass Roughage eaters graze?

A

3 times every 24 hours

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5
Q

Why do Grass Roughage eaters graze less?

A

they have a poorly balanced diet so they consume a lot at once and spend a while digesting it

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6
Q

what plants do CS eat?

A

plants high in digestibility with starch, protein and oil

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7
Q

What animals are categorized as Intermediate (IM)?

A

Red Deer
Caribou
Elk
Domesticated Goat

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8
Q

What animals are categorized as Grass Roughages (GR)?

A

domesticated ruminants
bison
bighorn sheep

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9
Q

what are characteristics of GR?

A

developed on roughage and grasses

large gut capacity

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10
Q

True or False:

GR cannot handle concentrates

A

False

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11
Q

Name the portions of the digestive tract

A

Head with connected glands
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut

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12
Q

what are the parts of the Foregut

A

Esophagus and Stomach

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13
Q

what are the parts of the Midgut

A

small intestine and connected glands

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14
Q

what are the Hindgut

A

large intestine and anus

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15
Q

True or False:

pH of Rumen decrease when fiber is being broken down

A

True

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16
Q

where are the tannin-binding factors found?

A

saliva of concentrate/browers

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17
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of Concentrate Selectors?

A

Narrow Muzzle
More Pointed Tongue
Wider Mouth Opening
Salivary Glands take up 0.3% of body weight

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18
Q

what do tannins do?

A

attach to protein in forage and makes it unavailable to bacteria and animal

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of the Grass Selectors?

A

Large Muzzle
Less Mobile Tongue and Lip
Salivary Glands represent 0.05% of body weight
Saliva Production

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20
Q

how much saliva do Sheep produce a day?

A

15 L a day (4G)

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21
Q

how much saliva do cattle produce a day?

A

180 L a day (47 G)

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22
Q

what does saliva help do in the animal?

A

lubricate
buffer Rumen
initiate digestive enzymes

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23
Q

composition of saliva

A 
Mucins
Lipase
Sodium
Potassium
Phosphate
Bicarbonates
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfate
Water
Urea
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24
Q

how is urea used by the bacteria

A

recycled by the bacteria it is used to synthesize Nitrogen to help in breakdown and synthesize protein

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25
Q

Name the parts of the stomach?

A

Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum

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26
Q

what is the Honeycomb

A

Reticulum

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27
Q

what is the Many Plies

A

Omasum

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28
Q

Function of the non-glandular stomach compartments

A

site of fermentation
absorb of fermentation products
start and delay passage of food

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29
Q

function of Rumen

A

hold digestion vat
bacterial fermentation
delayed passage

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30
Q

capacity of Ruminoreticulum in cattle and sheep

A

Cattle: 60 - 100 L
Sheep: 9-18 L

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31
Q

capacity of Abomasum in cattle and sheep

A

Cattle: 5-8 L
Sheep: 2 L

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32
Q

what does the gas cap do?

A

contains methane that compresses the gas expelled

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33
Q

what is the Esophagial Groove?

A

bypasses the Rumen and delivers milk to Omasum for the baby

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34
Q

what does the bacterial filtration do

A

a barrier that denies bacteria access to blood

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35
Q

what do butyric and propionic acid do

A

increases blood flow

stimulates mucosal mitosis and cell proliferation

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36
Q

what does butyrate do

A

helps with papillae development

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37
Q

function of Reticulum

A

site of hardware disease

passage through reticulomasal oriface

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38
Q

function of omasum

A

slows food passage
pump food from omasum to abomasum
absorbs

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39
Q

what does the omasum absorb

A

water
VFA
Minterals

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40
Q

what does alkaline mucus do

A

protects epithelium against stress and acid

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41
Q

what does Parietal cells secrete

A

HCl
Bicarbonate
Intrinsic factor

42
Q

what does Chief cells secrete

A

Pepsinogen

Renin

43
Q

what does G-cells secrete

A

Gastrin

44
Q

what does Lysozyme secretion do

A

will lyse bacteria and speed up digestion of microbial protein

45
Q

what are the regions of the Abomasum

A

Cardia
Fundus
Pyloris

46
Q

what do mucus cells secrete

A

alkaline mucus

47
Q

what does the Cardia Region do

A

regulates flow from the omasum to abomasum

48
Q

what does the Pyloric Region do

A

regulates flow from the Abomasum to the Duodenum

49
Q

what are the Accessory Glands

A

Pacreas

LIver

50
Q

what does the Small Intestine do

A

excrete hormones

51
Q

what does the lacteal do

A

moves circulation in the lumen of the small intestine

52
Q

what do cuboidal cells do

A

transports substances from the lumen into the lacteal

53
Q

function of villi and microvilli

A

a barrier of diffusion

increase surface area

54
Q

another name for microvilli

A

Brush Border

55
Q

whats the Apical Region

A

felt-like work of fibers found just below Brush Border

56
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum function

A

site of protein synthesis

57
Q

Golgi Aparatus function

A

synth of polysaccharides
storage
intracellular transport of substances

58
Q

Lysosomes function

A

lyse unwanted or degenerative material

59
Q

function of S-cells

A

secrete secretin

secrete Cholecystokinin

60
Q

what does Cholecystokinin do

A

contracts gallbladder and pancreas

61
Q

what does secretin do

A

stimulates volume and bicarbonate outputs of pancreatic secretin

62
Q

pH of the Jejunum

A

4-5

63
Q

what are Crypt cells

A

Intestinal gland

64
Q

another name for Crypt cells

A

Lieberkuhn

65
Q

function of Goblet cells

A

mucus production

66
Q

function of Paneth cells

A

defense against microbes
similar to neutraphils
secretes antimicrobial molecules into lumen of crypt

67
Q

average pH of the Rumen

A

5.5 - 7.2

68
Q

what happens if pH of Rumen drops below 5.5

A

reduce forage digestibility

Ruminal Acidosis

69
Q

what is Osmolarity

A

measure of solute concentration

70
Q

osmolarity of Rumen

A

260 - 340 mOsm

71
Q

what is the fractions of feed components

A

A, B1, B2, B3, C

72
Q

what is Fluid Passage Rate

A

rate at which fluid goes from the Rumen to the Omasum

73
Q

what percentage of bacteria participates in Microbial Adhesion

A

40 - 75%

74
Q

NAD+ reduces to

A

NADH

75
Q

what happens with too much NADH

A

not enough NAD+ to accept electrons

76
Q

fermentation involves molecules that?

A

undergo oxidation

loss of electrons

77
Q

what are typical fermentation substrates

A

sugars and amino acids

78
Q

the 3 main VFA found in the Rumen

A

Acetic Acid
Propionic Acid
Butyric Acid

79
Q

what are the backbones of Hemicellulose

A

Xylose

Mannose

80
Q

side chains of Hemicellulose

A

Galactose
Arabinose
Glucoronic Acid

81
Q

Hemicellulose digestibility affected by

A

specific sugars and their positions

82
Q

differences between Hemicellulose and Cellulose

A

shorter chain
made up of various monomers
beta, 1,4 - linkage backbone

83
Q

what does xylose do to cellulose

A

binds to cellulose microfibers on surface to link cellulose and hemicellulose

84
Q

what is wrong with 5-xylases

A

no transporter so can’t use xylose

85
Q

what are the three enzymes of starch

A

alpha amylase
debranching enzymes
amyloglucosidase

86
Q

what does the physical form of surrounding starch do

A

determines the rate of starch degredation

87
Q

what does alpha amylase do

A

hydrolyzes alpha 1,4 bonds

88
Q

what does debranching enzymes do

A

hydrolyzes alpha 1,6 bonds at branching points

89
Q

what does amyloglucosidase do

A

hydrolyzes both alpha 1,4 and 1,6 bonds

90
Q

what does Prevotella ruminicola do

A

exclusively degrades non-cellulose components of cell wall

91
Q

what does Methanogens and fungi stimulate

A

xylanse and cellulase synthesis by ridding of H through methane production

92
Q

what prefers cellubiase and has many endoglucanases

A

Ruminococcus albus and flavefaciens

93
Q

what metabolic diverse group grows on simple sugars such as arabinose

A

Butyrivibro fibrosolvens

94
Q

what turns Xylose to Xylulose

A

Isomerase

95
Q

what turns Ribulose-5-Phosphate into Xylulose-5-Phosphate

A

Epimerase

96
Q

what does Xylose arise from

A

hemicellulose breakdown

97
Q

what does Ribulose-5-Phosphate arise from

A

hexose oxidation by petose phosphate pathway

98
Q

what turns Acetyl Phosphate into Acetate

A

Acetate kinase

99
Q

what happens between Acetyl Phosphate and Acetyl CoA

A

phosphate is removed (OHPO3) and CoA-SH added

100
Q

what happens when Xylose-5-Phosphate is catalyzed by Phosphoketalase

A

creates Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate and Acetyl Phosphate

101
Q

what does Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate turn into

A

Pyruvate

102
Q

what does Pyruvate turn into

A

Lactate

Ruminant Nutrition (5 decks)

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