Exam 1 Ruminant Nutrition Flashcards
what are the 3 classes of ruminants?
Concentrate Selectors
Intermediate
Grass Roughage
how many times a day does Concentrate selectors graze?
12 times every 24 hours
how many times a day do Intermediate graze?
5 - 6 times every 24 hours
how many times a day do Grass Roughage eaters graze?
3 times every 24 hours
Why do Grass Roughage eaters graze less?
they have a poorly balanced diet so they consume a lot at once and spend a while digesting it
what plants do CS eat?
plants high in digestibility with starch, protein and oil
What animals are categorized as Intermediate (IM)?
Red Deer
Caribou
Elk
Domesticated Goat
What animals are categorized as Grass Roughages (GR)?
domesticated ruminants
bison
bighorn sheep
what are characteristics of GR?
developed on roughage and grasses
large gut capacity
True or False:
GR cannot handle concentrates
False
Name the portions of the digestive tract
Head with connected glands
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut
what are the parts of the Foregut
Esophagus and Stomach
what are the parts of the Midgut
small intestine and connected glands
what are the Hindgut
large intestine and anus
True or False:
pH of Rumen decrease when fiber is being broken down
True
where are the tannin-binding factors found?
saliva of concentrate/browers
what are the 4 characteristics of Concentrate Selectors?
Narrow Muzzle
More Pointed Tongue
Wider Mouth Opening
Salivary Glands take up 0.3% of body weight
what do tannins do?
attach to protein in forage and makes it unavailable to bacteria and animal
What are the characteristics of the Grass Selectors?
Large Muzzle
Less Mobile Tongue and Lip
Salivary Glands represent 0.05% of body weight
Saliva Production
how much saliva do Sheep produce a day?
15 L a day (4G)
how much saliva do cattle produce a day?
180 L a day (47 G)
what does saliva help do in the animal?
lubricate
buffer Rumen
initiate digestive enzymes
composition of saliva
Mucins Lipase Sodium Potassium Phosphate Bicarbonates Calcium Magnesium Sulfate Water Urea
how is urea used by the bacteria
recycled by the bacteria it is used to synthesize Nitrogen to help in breakdown and synthesize protein
Name the parts of the stomach?
Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum
what is the Honeycomb
Reticulum
what is the Many Plies
Omasum
Function of the non-glandular stomach compartments
site of fermentation
absorb of fermentation products
start and delay passage of food
function of Rumen
hold digestion vat
bacterial fermentation
delayed passage
capacity of Ruminoreticulum in cattle and sheep
Cattle: 60 - 100 L
Sheep: 9-18 L
capacity of Abomasum in cattle and sheep
Cattle: 5-8 L
Sheep: 2 L
what does the gas cap do?
contains methane that compresses the gas expelled
what is the Esophagial Groove?
bypasses the Rumen and delivers milk to Omasum for the baby
what does the bacterial filtration do
a barrier that denies bacteria access to blood
what do butyric and propionic acid do
increases blood flow
stimulates mucosal mitosis and cell proliferation
what does butyrate do
helps with papillae development
function of Reticulum
site of hardware disease
passage through reticulomasal oriface
function of omasum
slows food passage
pump food from omasum to abomasum
absorbs
what does the omasum absorb
water
VFA
Minterals
what does alkaline mucus do
protects epithelium against stress and acid
what does Parietal cells secrete
HCl
Bicarbonate
Intrinsic factor
what does Chief cells secrete
Pepsinogen
Renin
what does G-cells secrete
Gastrin
what does Lysozyme secretion do
will lyse bacteria and speed up digestion of microbial protein
what are the regions of the Abomasum
Cardia
Fundus
Pyloris
what do mucus cells secrete
alkaline mucus
what does the Cardia Region do
regulates flow from the omasum to abomasum
what does the Pyloric Region do
regulates flow from the Abomasum to the Duodenum
what are the Accessory Glands
Pacreas
LIver
what does the Small Intestine do
excrete hormones
what does the lacteal do
moves circulation in the lumen of the small intestine
what do cuboidal cells do
transports substances from the lumen into the lacteal
function of villi and microvilli
a barrier of diffusion
increase surface area
another name for microvilli
Brush Border
whats the Apical Region
felt-like work of fibers found just below Brush Border
Endoplasmic reticulum function
site of protein synthesis
Golgi Aparatus function
synth of polysaccharides
storage
intracellular transport of substances
Lysosomes function
lyse unwanted or degenerative material
function of S-cells
secrete secretin
secrete Cholecystokinin
what does Cholecystokinin do
contracts gallbladder and pancreas
what does secretin do
stimulates volume and bicarbonate outputs of pancreatic secretin
pH of the Jejunum
4-5
what are Crypt cells
Intestinal gland
another name for Crypt cells
Lieberkuhn
function of Goblet cells
mucus production
function of Paneth cells
defense against microbes
similar to neutraphils
secretes antimicrobial molecules into lumen of crypt
average pH of the Rumen
5.5 - 7.2
what happens if pH of Rumen drops below 5.5
reduce forage digestibility
Ruminal Acidosis
what is Osmolarity
measure of solute concentration
osmolarity of Rumen
260 - 340 mOsm
what is the fractions of feed components
A, B1, B2, B3, C
what is Fluid Passage Rate
rate at which fluid goes from the Rumen to the Omasum
what percentage of bacteria participates in Microbial Adhesion
40 - 75%
NAD+ reduces to
NADH
what happens with too much NADH
not enough NAD+ to accept electrons
fermentation involves molecules that?
undergo oxidation
loss of electrons
what are typical fermentation substrates
sugars and amino acids
the 3 main VFA found in the Rumen
Acetic Acid
Propionic Acid
Butyric Acid
what are the backbones of Hemicellulose
Xylose
Mannose
side chains of Hemicellulose
Galactose
Arabinose
Glucoronic Acid
Hemicellulose digestibility affected by
specific sugars and their positions
differences between Hemicellulose and Cellulose
shorter chain
made up of various monomers
beta, 1,4 - linkage backbone
what does xylose do to cellulose
binds to cellulose microfibers on surface to link cellulose and hemicellulose
what is wrong with 5-xylases
no transporter so can’t use xylose
what are the three enzymes of starch
alpha amylase
debranching enzymes
amyloglucosidase
what does the physical form of surrounding starch do
determines the rate of starch degredation
what does alpha amylase do
hydrolyzes alpha 1,4 bonds
what does debranching enzymes do
hydrolyzes alpha 1,6 bonds at branching points
what does amyloglucosidase do
hydrolyzes both alpha 1,4 and 1,6 bonds
what does Prevotella ruminicola do
exclusively degrades non-cellulose components of cell wall
what does Methanogens and fungi stimulate
xylanse and cellulase synthesis by ridding of H through methane production
what prefers cellubiase and has many endoglucanases
Ruminococcus albus and flavefaciens
what metabolic diverse group grows on simple sugars such as arabinose
Butyrivibro fibrosolvens
what turns Xylose to Xylulose
Isomerase
what turns Ribulose-5-Phosphate into Xylulose-5-Phosphate
Epimerase
what does Xylose arise from
hemicellulose breakdown
what does Ribulose-5-Phosphate arise from
hexose oxidation by petose phosphate pathway
what turns Acetyl Phosphate into Acetate
Acetate kinase
what happens between Acetyl Phosphate and Acetyl CoA
phosphate is removed (OHPO3) and CoA-SH added
what happens when Xylose-5-Phosphate is catalyzed by Phosphoketalase
creates Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate and Acetyl Phosphate
what does Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate turn into
Pyruvate
what does Pyruvate turn into
Lactate
