nutrition-diet-body weight

Question 1

components of daily energy expenditure

Answer 1

sum of BMR (basic metabolic rate), diet induced thermogenesis and physical activity level. 70kg man= 12,000kj/day and 58kg adult female= 9,500 kj/day

Question 2

what is energy used for

Answer 2

work; 
biosynthetic work (synthesis of cellular components)
transport work (movement of ions across membranes)
mechanical work ((muscle)
electrical work (nerves)

Question 3

1 kcal= how many kj?

Answer 3

1kcal= 4.2 kj

Question 4

carbohydrates

Answer 4

-mainly provide energy
CH2O 
starch = glucose plants 
sucrose = glucose+frcutose
lactose = glalactose+glucose 
maltose= glucose+glucose 
fructose 
glucose 
glycogen= glucose animals 

• broken down in monosacerides and absorbed into the blood

Question 5

protein

Answer 5

supply energy and amino acids
20 different amino acids and 9 of these are essential meaning they they can’t be synthesised and must be obtained through the diet. some amino acids are conditionally essential ( children only )

Question 6

fats

Answer 6

composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol. contain much less oxygen than protein and carbs and therefore are more reduced. this means they yield lots more energy when oxidised.
required for absorption of fat soluble vitamins in gut.
provide essential fatty acids which can’t be synthesised in the body

Question 7

minerals

Answer 7

• electrolytes establish ion gradients
• ca2+ and phosphorus are essential for bone and feet structure
• ca2+ needed for signalling
• enzyme cofactors need minerals
• iron needed for haemoglobin

Question 8

vitamins

Answer 8

essential for life and if deficient cause disease. BUT too many are poisonous.
lack of C= scurvy
lack of B12= anaemia

Question 9

dietary fibre

Answer 9

found in cereal foods.Cellulose-can’t be broken down by human enzymes but important for function GI tract. low fibre= bowel cancer and constipation whereas high = lower risk of diabetes and high cholesterol

Question 10

Nutrient requirements

Answer 10

RNI- reference nutrient intake (vitamins and mineral) 95.7% will need this as max super end
EAR- estimated average requirement (energy) 50% need more and 50% need less
LRNI- lower reference nutrient intake (THIS IS INSUFFICIENT) 2.5% won’t need this lower end
spread in bell curve standard deviation.

Question 11

BMR

Answer 11

basal metabolic rate affected by size, gender, body temp, endocrine status, environmental temp.maintains resting activities of the body

Question 12

VPA

Answer 12

voluntary physical activity. supplies demands of heart lungs and skeletal muscle. energy depends on intensity of exercise. v active = 100kj a day vs sedate = 30kj a day

Question 13

obesity

Answer 13

excessive adipose tissue when enegery intake is higher than energy expenditure for too long. BMI is greater than 30. = death, type 2, cardiovascular disease and cancer

Question 14

BMI

Answer 14

weight(kg)/hieghtsqaured(m2). without shoes or clothes. Big problem in people with high muscle mass- look overweight. for them measure hip to waist ratio. 
above 30 is obese 
under above 25 is overweight 
under 18.5 is underweight 
18-25 is desirable

Question 15

fat distribution

Answer 15

apple shaped ( on uperbody) is much higher risk of diabetes, hypertension, stroke and premature death compared to pear shaped ( fat on legs and hips)

Question 16

malnutrition - protein deficiency

Answer 16

decreased protein leads to decreased blood protein synthesis eg albumin and therefore leads to increased oedema because oncotic pressure of interstitial fluid increases and fluid moves out of capillary. Disease = kwashiorkor.