Nutrition, Diet And Body Wieght Flashcards
Define metabolism
The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.
Define catabolic then anabolic processes
Catabolic- break down molecules to release energy in the form of reducing power
Anabolic- use energy + raw materials to make large molecules for growth and maintenance
What is a kilojoules
The official standar unit of food energy
Calorie is commonly used (1 cal=1 kcal)
1 kcal=4.2 KJ
What is a kilacal
The amount of energy needed to raise temp of 1 kg of water by 1C
List the 9 essential AAs. Why are they essential
Essential as body can synth them
Isoleucine, Lysine, Threonine, Histidine, Leucine, Methnine, Phenylanine, Tryptophan, Valine
What are the 3 extra protiens needed by children and pregnant women?
Arginine,
Tyrosine
Cytosine
What 2 acids does fat provide the body?
Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
A
D
E
K
What are minerals used for?
Ca2+ = signals and bones/teeth
Phosphorous = bones/teeth
Iron = heam +enzyme co-factor
Enzyme cofactors = iron,magnesium, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, molybdenum
What is the name of a Vitamin A deficiency?
Xerophthalmia
What fat soluble mineral is Rickets a deficiency of?
Vitamin D
What des a vitamin E deficiency cause?
Neurological abnormalities
What does a vitamin K deficiency cause?
Defective blood clotting
What is Beriberi a deficiency of?
Vitamin B1
What is vitamin B12 deficiency called?
Aneamia
What does vitamin B6 deficiency cause?
Dermatitis and aneamia
What does a biotin vitamin deficiency cause?
Alopecia, scaly skin and CNS defects
What is scurvy a deficiency of?
Vitamin C
What does a choline deficiency cause?
Liver damage
What can a folate deficiency cause?
Neural tube defects and anemia
What defiecncy can cause pellagra (the 3 d’s=diarrhoea, dementia,dermatitis)?
Niacin deficency
What can a deficency in Pantothenic acid cause?
Fatigue and apathy
What is ariboflavinosis a deficiency in?
Riboflavin
Where can we get dietary fibre?
IN cereal foods
Cellulose, lignin, pectin and Gum
What does our GI tract use our dietary fibre for?
It cant break it down but it aids normal function
What can a lack of dietary fibre cause?
Constipation + bowel cancer
What does a high fibre diet help lower?
Cholesterol and risk of diabetes
What is a dietary reference value?
Estimates of energy and nutrients needed by groups of healthy people in the UK
What does RNI stand for? And who is it suitable for?
Reference Nutrient Intake (used for protein, vitamins + minerals)
Suitable for 50% of people , 50% require more
What does EAR stand for? and who is it suitable for?
Estimated Average Requirement (used for energy)
Suitable for 97.5% of the population needs
What does LRNI stand for? And who is it suitable for?
Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (inefficient for most people)
Suitable for lowest 2.5% of people, most need more
What is daily expenditure a sum of?
BMR (basal metabolic rate) +
DIT(diet induced thermogenesis) +
PAL(physical activity level)
What makes up our basal metabolic rate?
Cell maintenance + organ function + maintain body temp
What factors can effect our BMR?
Body size (SA), gender (male higher), enviro temp (cold higher), body temp (12% increase per degree)
Where our our bodies energy stores?
Short term energy rich molecules in muscle-seconds
Carbs for immediate use-min/hour depending on activity
Long term adipose stores-40 days
In extreme conditions muscle is converted to energy
What is obesity?
Excess fat accumulates in adipose tissue, impairing health
BMI>30
Major preventable cause of death
How do we calculate BMI?
Weight (Kg) / Height (M Squared)
What risks increase if fat is distributed mainly in the upper body?
Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinism, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, strokes, death
