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Skills > Nutrition- Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Nutrition- Chapter 28 Flashcards

1
Q

study of food, how it affects the body and influences helath

A

nutrition

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2
Q

process by which the body converts food into energy

A

metabolism

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3
Q

used for planning and assessing diets for healthy individuals

A

dietary references intake

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4
Q

when glycogen is converted from storage in liver/skeletal muscle back into glucose to meet energy needs

A

glycogenolysis

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5
Q

Factors that affect BMR?

A
  • body comp
  • growth periods
  • body temp
  • disease processes
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6
Q

Overweight BMI: ___-___

Obese BMI: ____

A

25-29.9

>30

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7
Q

total kcal needed to replace calories used in BMR + exercise

A

total energy needs

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8
Q

protein is digested in the:

A

small intestine

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9
Q

The body can manufacture ___ amino acids and must get ____ amino acids from foods

A

nonessential

essential

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10
Q

Major source of energy for brain/nerve function

A

Fat

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11
Q

Fats are digested in the:

A

small intestine

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12
Q

Dietary guidelines for americans recommends ___-____% of total calories should be FAT

A

less than 20-35%

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13
Q

Primary energy source for body

A

Carbs

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14
Q

Carbs are stored in the:

A

liver & skeletal muscles

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15
Q

Types of carbohydrates in blood

A
  • monosaccharides- 1 simple sugar
  • disaccharides- 2 sugars
  • Polysaccharides- complex chain of sugars
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16
Q

Micro nutrients do what?

A

manufacture, repair, and maintain cells through process of metabolism

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17
Q

macro nutrients do what?

A

supply the body with energy

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18
Q

Common minerals needed:

A

calcium, iron, Mg, Sodium

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19
Q

Minerals function to:

A 
fluid regulation
nerve impulse transmission
energy production 
support healthy bones and blood
rid body of by-products of metabolism
20
Q

Vitamins function to:

A
  • support metabolism or prevent deficiency
  • maintain body tissues
  • support immune system
  • critical during rapid growth, pregnancy, lactation & healing
21
Q

Common fat soluble vitamins

common water soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K (stored in liver & adipose)

B complex, C (can’t be stored)

22
Q

Water makes up ___-____ of body in men &

___-____ in women

A

55-65% in men

50-55% in women

23
Q

Water functions as a :

A
  • solvent
  • transporter
  • body structure & form- fills in spaces
  • temp regulator
  • lubricant
  • catalyst
24
Q

when glycogen stores are low, protein is activated. What is the catabolization of stored protein called?

A

Gluconeogenesis

25
Q

what is fat transformed into in order for it to be used as energy?

A

ketones (^ acidity in blood)

26
Q

Infants should never have what?

A

cows milk

^ GI bleeding & stress to kidneys: iron deficiency anemia

27
Q

A toddlers diet is often deficient in:

A

iron, calcium, vitamin A & C

- drink 2% milk for fatty acids to help with growth

28
Q

Life long food habits are developed in what stage?

A

preschool (age 4-6 yrs old)

29
Q

pregnant women should take in an extra ___ calories and breastfeeding women should take in ____ extra kcal

A

300kcal

500kcal

30
Q

Elderly people should supplement their diet with what vitamins?

A

calcium, Vitamin D, B12: for bone density decrease & cognitive decline

31
Q 
Semi Vegetarian-
Ovo-lacto Vegetarian- 
Lacto-Vegetarian-
Vegans-
Fruitarian-
A 
allow fish, eggs, & dairy
don't eat fish but eat eggs & dairy
eat only dairy & plant based foods
no meat
only fruit, nuts, honey & vegetable oils
32
Q

The paleo (caveman diet) doesn’t eat:

A

processed foods, grains with gluten, refined sugar, potatoes, processed oils, & caffeine

33
Q

Mediterranean Diet
^ in:
low in:
benefits:

A

^: olive oil, fish, fruits, veggies, & nuts

low: dairy, processed foods, saturated fat, red meat
benefits: weight loss, reduced death due to: cancer, coronary artery disease, ^ BP, ^ LDL

34
Q

Asian Diet
^ in:
low in:
benefits:

A

^: plant-based, rice, fruit & veggies, bananas, tangerines, cabbage, leafy greens.
Protein: beans, nuts & seeds

occasional shellfish & poultry

benefit: low cardio disease, DMC2, colon cancer & obesity

35
Q

Indian Diet
^ in:
low in:
benefits:

A

^: home cooked foods, fruits, veggies, legumes, nuts
low: processed foods

benefits: low incidence of DM2, heart disease & chronic disease in general

36
Q

Hispanic Diet
^ in:
low in:
Bad part of diet

A

^: grains, rice, & legumes, corn based products, beans

low in: fresh veggies except tomatoes

bad: ^ DM2, ^ obesity
sugary fruit beverages & soda common

37
Q

beans are ^ in:

A

fiber, B vitamins, calcium, phosphorus & iron

38
Q

What must a nurse do before administering a CLOSED NG tube feeding?

A
  1. verify peristalsis
  2. verify tube placement
  3. verify feeding tube patency
39
Q

What levels are especially important to monitor with ^ protein formula NG tube feedings?

A

BUN & sodium levels

40
Q

Remaining NPO for more than ___ days leaves the patent at risk

A

3 days

41
Q

Enteral feedings are preferred over IV feedings because:

A

lower incidence of sepsis and maintain intestinal structure and function

42
Q

Disadvantages to enteral feedings:

A
  1. if aspirated into lungs- infection, pneumonia, abscess
  2. ^ glucose content- medium for bacterial growth
  3. diarrhea, nausea, nasopharyngeal trauma, alterations in drug absorption
43
Q

Short term enteral feedings are usually administered through a: ____ or ____ tube.

A

nasogastric (NG) or

nasoenteric (NE)

44
Q

to reduce erros & ensure safe enteral nutrition, use the following mnemonic:

A

A-aseptic technique
L- label enteral equipment
E- elevate head of bed to minimum 30 degree
R- right patient, right formula, right tube….
T- trace all lines & tubing back to patient

45
Q

Long term enteral feedings are usually administered through a: ____, ____, ____ or ___ tube

A
  • gastrostomy tube (G-tube)
  • Percutaneous endoscopic gastronomy tube (PEG)
  • Jenjunostomy tube (J-tube, PEJ)
  • Gastrostomy button (g-button)
46
Q

blood glucose < ___mg/dl

Hypoglycemia

A

<50 mg/dL

*means insufficient food intake, excesssive physical exertion

47
Q

Hyperglycemia

blood glucose > ____ fasting or ____ at random

A

> 109 or >126

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