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Gastrointestinal (farm) > Nutrition basics > Flashcards

Nutrition basics Flashcards

1
Q

what is the rough capacity of the rumen?

A

> 200L

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2
Q

what type of fermentation occurs in the rumen?

A

anaerobic

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3
Q

where do the rumen microbes live in the rumen?

A

fibre mat (traps food and home to bugs)

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4
Q

what is the function of the primary rumen contraction?

A

mix the food to allow digestion

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5
Q

what is the function of the secondary rumen contraction?

A

eructation

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6
Q

what is the ratio of primary to secondary rumen contractions?

A

2 primary : 1 secondary

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7
Q

what do the rumen microbes break down food into?

A

volatile fatty acids
methane
carbon dioxide

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8
Q

what product of microbial fermentation do cows absorb for fat/glucose synthesis and energy?

A

VFAs

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9
Q

what is the order of constituents of the diet we think about when formulating or analysing a diet?

A

dry matter intake
energy
protein
minerals
vitamins

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10
Q

what DMI does a dry cow need in relation to bodyweight?

A

2% to 2.5%

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11
Q

what DMI does a lactating cow producing 25L of milk need in relation to bodyweight?

A

3%

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12
Q

what DMI does a lactating cow producing 50L of milk need in relation to bodyweight?

A

4%

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13
Q

what are some factors that influence DMI?

A

bodyweight/fatness
milk yield
stage of production
type of food (digestibility)
palatability, access, availability
social factors (bullying…)
stress, pain, disease, rumen health

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14
Q

what is metabolisable energy?

A

energy available to the cow for maintenance, growth, lactation and pregnancy

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15
Q

what are the units for metabolisable energy?

A

MJ/Kg DM

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16
Q

how is metabolisable energy calculated for feedstuffs?

A

using infra-red spectrometry data

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17
Q

what are the three fatty acids?

A

acetate
butyrate
propionate

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18
Q

what do microbes break down carbohydrates into?

A

volatile fatty acids
carbon dioxide
methane

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19
Q

how are the acids produced by the rumen buffered?

A

salivary bicarbonate and phosphate (from chewing the cud)

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20
Q

where are VFAs produced by the microbes absorbed?

A

by papillae across the rumen wall

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21
Q

what process turns VFAs into energy?

A

Krebs cycle

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22
Q

which VFA is used for glucose synthesis?

A

propionate

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23
Q

when are fats/oils used as part of a ruminants ration?

A

when the DMI fails to meet energy requirements in diets of high yielding cows

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24
Q

where are fats absorbed in ruminants?

A

small intestines

25
Q

why do fats have to be fed as protected fats?

A

they need to bypass the rumen to be absorbed in the small intestine

26
Q

why are cows in negative energy balance just after calving?

A

they have depressed DMI in the first weeks after calving which coincides with massive energy demand for milk production

27
Q

what is the target for weight loss after calving?

A

don’t want to lose more than 0.5 - 1 BCS

28
Q

what coping strategies do cows have for being in negative energy balance after calving?

A

eat more (increase DMI)
metabolise body fat and muscle
reduce milk yield

29
Q

what is the rough maintenance energy requirement for a cow?

A

65 - 70 MJ

30
Q

how much do you need to increase a cows energy requirements per litre of milk she’s producing?

A

5 MJ/L

31
Q

what are the two divisions of crude protein?

A

rumen degradable protein
rumen undegradable protein

32
Q

what is rumen degradable protein?

A

any nitrogen containing compound that is fermented in the rumen to produce ammonium which is used by the bugs for protein synthesis (growth)

33
Q

what is rumen degradable protein broken down into?

A

NH4+

34
Q

what could cause a high blood/milk urea?

A

insufficient metabolisable energy
excess rumen degradable protein in diet

35
Q

how do ruminants digest protein?

A

rumen microbes digest proteins to NH4 which is used by microbes to grow and form microbial proteins, these are digested in the abomasum and small intestine

36
Q

what happens to the ammonium from the RDP that isn’t absorbed by the microbes?

A

forms urea which is then excreted

37
Q

how is rumen undegradable protein digested?

A

passes through the rumen and then digested in the abomasum and small intestine

38
Q

what percentage protein is grass silage?

A

12-18%

39
Q

why is maximising DMI important?

A

want to feed low energy density feeds because they will have more forage in them meaning healthier rumen microbes and a healthier cow (want to maximise DMI)

40
Q

what is the aim for DMI at peak lactation?

A

4%

41
Q

what is the aim for DMI intakes in the dry period?

A

12-14kg

42
Q

what energy density should we aim for in a lactating cows diet?

A

11.5 - 12.3 MJ ME/Kg DM

43
Q

what energy density should we aim for in a dry cows diet?

A

8.0 - 8.5 MJ ME/Kg DM

44
Q

what is the dry matter of grass silage?

A

20-35%

45
Q

what is the energy density of grass silage?

A

10-12 MJ ME/Kg DM

46
Q

what is the energy density of maize silage?

A

11-11.5 MJ ME/Kg DM

47
Q

what is the dry matter of maize silage?

A

30-35%

48
Q

how much starch and protein in does maize silage compare?

A

starch is high
protein is low

49
Q

can maize silage be used as fibre?

A

no - bad fibre source

50
Q

what is the dry matter of bug bale silage?

A

30-35%

51
Q

what is the energy density of big bale silage?

A

8.5 - 10.5 MJ ME/Kg DM

52
Q

what is the dry matter of hay?

A

85%

53
Q

what is the energy density of hay?

A

8-9 MJ ME/Kg DM

54
Q

what is the dry matter of straw?

A

85%

55
Q

what is the energy density of straw?

A

5.5-6.5 MJ ME/Kg DM

56
Q

what is the dry matter of grass?

A

<20%

57
Q

what is the energy density of grass?

A

10-12.5 MJ ME/Kg DM

58
Q

what is the energy density of concentrates?

A

12.5 MJ ME/Kg DM

Gastrointestinal (farm) (10 decks)

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