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FBS1 > Nutrition and Metabolism > Flashcards

Nutrition and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Proteins should comprise of what proportion of our diet?

A

15 - 20%

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2
Q

What name is given to the bonds between phosphate groups in ATP?

A

Phosphoanhydride

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3
Q

Which enzyme catalyses formation of pyruvate from phosphoenolpyruvate?

A

Pyruvate kinase

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4
Q

How many protein complexes make up the ETC?

excluding ATP syhthase

A

4

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5
Q

Deficiency of which vitamin causes Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome?

A

Thiamin (B1)

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6
Q

For a 12 carbon fatty acid how many beta oxidation cycles are undergone and how many acetyl CoA molecules are formed?

A

5 + 6

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7
Q

McArdle’s disease is caused by a deficiency of which enzyme?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

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8
Q

A child is 65% of average weight and has oedema; which of these conditions do they suffer from:

a) Marasmus
b) Pellagra
c) Kwashiorkor
d) Marasmic-Kwashiorkor

A

Kwashiorkor

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9
Q

A deficiency in lipoprotein lipase will lead to?

A

Increase in chylomicrons in blood

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10
Q

Subject consumes 500 g of glucose every day for a few days then stopped eating all together. When would urea production be at its highest? After 24-hours, 4 days, 1 week, 40 days?

A

24 hours

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11
Q

Why is lipoprotein (a) risk factor for CVD?

A

Inhibits breakdown of fibrin clots

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12
Q

Why does muscle protein breakdown slow after a few days of starvation?

A

Brain uses ketone bodies

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13
Q

Which vitamin is needed as a coenzyme for transamination and deamination reactions?

A

Thiamin (B1)

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14
Q

Which type of glc transporter is found on pancreatic beta cells?

A

GLUT 2

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15
Q

What is not a risk factor for obesity?

A

Smoking

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16
Q

Which hormone is secreted from stomach parietal cells and signals hunger?

A

Ghrelin

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17
Q

Which hormone inhibits secretion of insulin?

A

Adrenaline

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18
Q

Which change in blood profile would be caused by deficiency/mutation of a protein C-II?

A

Increase in triacylglycerol

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19
Q

Which apoprotein is necessary for lipoprotein remnant uptake by liver?

A

Apo E

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20
Q

Which apoprotein activates lipoprotein lipase?

A

Apo C-II

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21
Q

What property do vitamins A, C and E have in common?

A

Antioxidants

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22
Q

What percentage of energy content of British diet is fat?

A

40%

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23
Q

What is energy content of alcohol in kcal/g?

A

7

4 in carbs, 5.4 in proteins

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24
Q

What is important criterion of normality for a glucose tolerance test?

A

Blood glucose returns to normal fasting levels by 2 hours

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25
Q

What do DoH recommendations actually recommend?

A

EAR + 2 S.D

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26
Q

Pernicious anaemia results from deficiency of?

A

Intrinsic factor

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27
Q

Long-term antibiotic therapy can lead to deficiency of which vitamin?

A

Vitamin K

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28
Q

Insulin inhibits activity of this enzyme involved in fat metabolism?

A

Hormone sensitive lipase

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29
Q

How many people in a society would get sufficient amount of a nutrient if they consumed EAR?

A

50%

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30
Q

How does Akt/PKB inhibit hormone-sensitive lipase in adipocytes?

A

It phosphorylates and activates phosphodiesterase

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31
Q

How does B12 deficiency create a functional folate deficiency?

A

Doesn’t allow removal of methyl group from MeTHF

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32
Q

Hemorrhagic disease of newborn is due to deficiency of which vitamin?

A

Vitamin K

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33
Q

For food to be called light/lite it must have?

A

Less of energy than a food it is compared to
Less of fat than food it is compared to
1/2 salt of a food it is compared to

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34
Q

Familial hypercholesterolaemia is caused by a mutation in which receptor?

A

B100 receptor

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35
Q

British group of which origin has highest incidence of stroke, diabetes and hypertension?

A

South Asia

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36
Q

What pH range is ATP chemically stable at?

A

pH 6-9

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37
Q

What is the free energy of the reaction when 1 bond in ATP is cleaved?

A

30.5 kJ/mol

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38
Q

How many different forms does D-glucose have in solution?

A

5 forms

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39
Q

What are the 4 stages of glycolysis?

A

Activation
Splitting
Oxidation
Synthesis of ATP

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40
Q

What are the reactions and their enzymes in the activation stage of glycolysis?
(Stages that use ATP/NADH etc)

A

Glucose ==> Glucose-6-phosphate (Hexokinase/Glucokinase)
Glucose-6-phosphate <==> Fructose-6-phosphate (Phosphoglucose isomerase)
Fructose-6-phosphate ==> Fructose-1,6-biphosphate
(Phosphofructo kinase)

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41
Q

What are the reactions and their enzymes in the splitting stage of glycolysis?

A

Fructose 1,6-biphosphate <==> Glyceraldehyse 3-phosphate/Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (Aldolase A)
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate <==> Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (Triose phosphate isomerase)

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42
Q

What are the reactions and their enzymes in the oxidation stage of glycolysis?
(Stages that use ATP/NADH etc)

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate <==> 1,3-biphosphoglycerate

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

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43
Q

What are the reactions and their enzymes in the synthesis stage of glycolysis?
(Stages that use ATP/NADH etc)

A

1,3-biphosphoglycerate <==> 3-phosphoglycerate
(Phosphoglycerate kinase)
3-phosphoglycerate <==> 2-phosphoglycerate
(Phosphoglycerate mutase)
2-phosphoglycerate <==> Phosphoenolpyruvate
(Enolase)
Phosphoenolpyruvate <==> Pyruvate
(Pyruvate Kinase)

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44
Q

What is the net yield of ATP from glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

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45
Q

What enzyme catalyses pyruvate to lactate in muscles and what coenzyme is used?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

NADH + H+ ==> NAD+

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46
Q

What are the 3 metabolic fates of pyruvate?

A

Lactate
Acetyl CoA ==> TCA Cycle ==> CO2
Ethanol

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47
Q

How many reaction are there in the TCA cycle?

Name all and enzymes

A

8

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48
Q

How many protein complexes are there in the mitochondrial membrane?

A

5

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49
Q

What metal is needed as a micronutrient for the elecron transport proteins in the mitochondrial membrane?
And what is the main metal they require?

A

Cu (micronutrient)

Fe (main)

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50
Q

What 3 enzyme reactions in the TCA cycle are irreversible and why?

A

Oxaloacetate (+acetyl CoA) ==> Aconitase
Isocitrate ==> Alpha-ketoglutarate
Alpha-ketoglutarate ==> Succinyl-CoA
Highly exergonic

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51
Q

What type of bond is formed between CoA and carboxylic acids?

A

Thioester bonds

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52
Q

What is the CPT enzyme?

A

Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase

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53
Q

What is the CACT enzyme?

A

Carnitine Acelcarnitine Translocase

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54
Q

What is the 1st reaction of beta oxidation and the enzyme?

Any coenzymes etc

A

Fatty acyl CoA ==> Enoyl-CoA

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

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55
Q

What is the 2nd reaction of beta oxidation and the enzyme?

Any coenzymes etc

A

Enoyl-CoA ==> 3-L-hydroxyacyl-CoA

Enoyl-CoA hydratase

56
Q

What is the 3rd reaction of beta oxidation and the enzyme?

Any coenzymes etc

A

3-L-hydroxyacyl-CoA ==> beta-ketoacyl-CoA

3-L-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase

57
Q

What is the 4th reaction of beta oxidation and the enzyme?

Any coenzymes etc

A

beta-ketoacyl-CoA ==> fatty acyl CoA + Acetyl CoA

beta-keto-acyl-CoA thiolase

58
Q

What is the fate of odd-chained FA?

A

Left with a 3C compound that enters TCA cycle

59
Q

What is the transition metal in vitamin B12?

A

Cobalt

60
Q

What hormone(s) activate lipase enzyme?

A

Adrenaline, glucagon

61
Q

Can muscle glycogen contribute to blood glucose levels?

A

No

62
Q

What are the 2 types of links in glycogen?

A

Alpha-1,6 glycosidic links

Alpha-1,4 glycosidic links

63
Q

How is UDP glucose made from glucose (and enzymes)?

A 
Glucose ==> Glucose-6-phosphate
(Hexokinase/Glucokinase in liver)
Glucose-6-phosphate ==> Glucose-1-phosphate
(Phosphoglucomutase)
Glucose-1-phosphate ==> UDP Glucose
(UDP-glucose phosphorylase 2)
64
Q

What enzyme is used to remove glucose units from glycogen - which 2 from which links?

A

Debranching enzymes hydrolyse 1,6 glycosidic link

Glycogen phosphorylase hydrolyse straight chain regions with 1,4 glycosidic links

65
Q

Where does calcium bind to on glycogen phosphorylase kinase and what is the response?

A

Calmodulin domain

Activates enzyme

66
Q

What is an allosteric activator of glycogen phosphorylase?

A

AMP

67
Q

What is an allosteric inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase?

A

ATP

68
Q

What is von Gierke’s disease?

A

Defective glucose-6-phosphatase

69
Q

What is Pompe’s disease?

A

Defective lysosomal glycosidase

70
Q

What is McArdle’s disease?

A

Defective glycogen phosphorylase

71
Q

What is the amount recommended protein for each day?

In grams

A

50-70g

72
Q

What 9 amino acids humans cannot synthesise?

A

Valine, Methionine, Histidine, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Threonine, Tryptophan

73
Q

When does positive nitrogen balance occur?

A

During normal growth in children
In convalescence after serious illness
After immobilisation after an accident
In pregnancy

74
Q

When does negative nitrogen balance occur?

A

In starvation
During serious illness
In late stages of some forms of cancer
In injury and trauma

75
Q

By what process are most old/damaged cellular proteins removed by?

A

Ubiquitin breakdown system

76
Q

What is oxidative deamination?

A

Removing an AA to generate an alpha keto acid + other oxidised products
Occurs only in liver

77
Q

What is transamination?

A

Transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another, esp from AA to keto acid

78
Q

What vitamin is aminotransferase derived from?

A

Vitamin B6

79
Q

What amino acid(s) are classed as only ketogenic?

A

Leucine

Lysine

80
Q

What amino acid(s) are classed as glucogenic and ketogenic?

A 
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Threonine
81
Q

Why is glutamine important in relation to NH3?

A

Self carrier of NH3 in blood
NH3 is toxic to brain
Can carry 2 NH3 equivalents to liver for urea formation

82
Q

How is NH4+ used in the Ornithine (urea) cycle?

A 
NH4+ + CO2 + 2ATP ==> NH2COP + 2ADP + Pi
Carbamoyl phosphate (NH2COP) is added to cycle
83
Q

What are the 4 end products of N2 metabolism?

A

Urea - protein breakdown
Creatinine - creatine phosphate breakdown
Uric acid - DNA + RNA breakdown
Ammonia (NH4+) - control of body pH

84
Q

What is hyperammonemia?

A

Impaired conversion of NH3 to urea

85
Q

What is physiological circulating glc concentration?

A

3.9 - 6.7 mM

86
Q

What is average fasting glc level?

A

4.4-5 mM

87
Q

What is the Cori cycle?

A

Lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in muscles moves to liver + converted to glc
Returns to muscle and cyclically metabolized to glc

88
Q

Out of insulin and glucagon, which one is anabolic/catabolic?

A

Insulin - anabolic

Glucagon - catabolic

89
Q

What does EAR stand for?

A

Estimated Average Requirement

90
Q

What is RNI and where is it in relation to EAR?

A

Reference Nutrient Intake

2 S.D. above EAR

91
Q

What is LRNI and where is it in relation to EAR?

A

Lower Reference Nutrient Intake

2 S.D below EAR

92
Q

What is the formula for BMI?

A

wt/(ht) ^2

93
Q

What is bioelectrical impedance measurement?

A

Electrical signal sent throughout body

Estimate % of body fat + muscle mass

94
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?

A

Energy expenditure of doing nothing, 12 hours after eating + exercising

95
Q

What is the satiety signal?

A

Feeling of fullness

96
Q

What pathway do these hormones stimulate?

a) Leptin + insulin
b) Neuropeptide Y (NPY) + grehlin

A

a) Satiety pathway

b) Hunger pathway

97
Q

How much fat in the diet does the UK DoH recommend?

A

2.5g

98
Q

What sugar is commercially produced for foods for diabetics?

A

Sorbitol

99
Q

What is Marasmus?

A

Inadequate energy intake in all forms, incl protein

100
Q

What is Kwashiorkor?

A

Protein deficiency with adequate energy intake

101
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

B group, C

102
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

103
Q

What vitamins act as enzymes in metabolic pathways?

A

B vitamins

104
Q

What is Beriberi disease?

A

B1 (thiamin) deficiency

105
Q

What is Wernicke’s encephalopathy?

A

Neurological disorder caused by thiamine deficiency, typically from chronic alcoholism/persistent vomiting

106
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

Late complication of persistent Wernicke encephalopathy

Chronic memory disorder caused by severe deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B-1)

107
Q

What reaction does thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) catalyse?

A

Pyruvate ==> acetyl CoA

108
Q

Why do alcohols suffer many vitamin B deficiencies?

A

Adequate calorie intake due to ‘empty’ calories

So X consume much, lack of nutrients + vitamins

109
Q

What vitamin is riboflavin and what is it’s main function?

A

B2

As FAD and FMN in redox reactions

110
Q

What vitamin is niacin?

A

Vitamin B3

Function as NAD + NADP in redox reactions

111
Q

What is pellagra?

A

Deficiency in B3/niacin

112
Q

What vitamin is pyridoxine?

A

Vitamin B6

113
Q

What is cobalamin?

A

Vitamin B12

Carrier of methyl groups

114
Q

What is the active form of folate and what enzyme is used to maintain this form?

A

Tetrahydrofolate

Dihydrofolate reductase

115
Q

What is pernicious anaemia?

A

Inability of body to absorb vitamin B12

116
Q

What vitamin is ascorbic acid?

A

Vitamin C

117
Q

What is the average store of vitamin C in a healthy human body?

A

6 months

118
Q

Which vitamin D can we synthesise?

A

D3 (Cholecalciferol)

119
Q

What vitamin D is available commercially?

A

Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)

120
Q

What is deficiency of vitamin D in:

a) Children?
b) Adults?

A

a) Rickets

b) Osteomalacia

121
Q

What is the first step in FA synthesis and what is the enzyme that catalyses it?

A

Acetyl CoA + HCO3 ==> Malonyl-CoA

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

122
Q

What reactions does Malonyl CoA inhibit?

A

Carnitine transferase

Entry of FA ==> mito + subsequent oxidation

123
Q

What are the 4 classes of lipoproteins?

A

Chylomicrons
VLDL
LDL
HDL

124
Q

When a lipoprotein has more fat, does it have higher or lower density?

A

Lower density

125
Q

How is cholesterol formed and what is one of the main enzymes?

A

Acetyl CoA + Acetoacetyl CoA ==> HMG-CoA ==> Mevalonate ==> Cholesterol
2nd step enzyme is HMG-CoA reductase

126
Q

What enzyme do statins inhibit?

A

HMG-CoA reductase

127
Q

What is familial hypercholesterolaemia?

A

Deficiency of LDL receptors which leads to v high blood cholesterol levels
Mutated B100 receptor, statins x cope with high levels of LDL

128
Q

What does plasminogen do?

A

Break down blood clots

129
Q

What transition metal is ATP complexed with (most of the time)?

A

Mg2+

130
Q

What complex chelates with Fe to treat secondary Fe overload?

A

Deferoxamine

131
Q

What transition metal is complexed with insulin when it is stored in the pancreas?

A

Zn

132
Q

What is acrodermatitis enteropathica?

A

Mutation inf Zip4, Zn uptake low

Completely curable with Zn

133
Q

What is transient neonatal Zn deficiency?

A

Mutation in ZnT2-Zn transporter in gut

Curable with Zn given to child for entire life

134
Q

What is Wilson’s disease?

A

Cu accumulation in liver

Kayser-Fleischer rings around eyes

135
Q

What is Menkes Disease?

A

Defective absorption of Cu in intestines

136
Q

What percentage of the pancreas is endocrine?

A

2%

137
Q

What might be the subsequent metabolic fate of glucose-6-phosphate in the following
tissues:
a) Fast (white/glycolytic) skeletal muscle (with high % of type 2 fibres)
b) Slow (red/oxidative) skeletal muscle (with high % of type 1 fibres)

A

a) Anaerobic glycolysis to lactate

b) Glycolysis to pyruvate, then into TCA cycle to give CO2

FBS1 (5 decks)

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