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Microbiology and immunology > Nutrition and metabolism > Flashcards

Nutrition and metabolism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do bacteria need in order to grow?

A

Nutrients to supply raw material and energy

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2
Q

Macronutrients: What is the percentage of carbon and its source?

A

50%

organic compounds, CO2

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3
Q

Macronutrients: What is the percentage of Nitrogen and its source?

A

13%

NH3, NO3, Organic cpds, N2

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4
Q

Macronutrients: What is the percentage of Hydrogen and its source?

A

8.2%

H2O, Organic cpds, H2

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5
Q

Macronutrients: What is the percentage of Oxygen and its source?

A

17%

H2O2, Organic cpds, CO2 and O2

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6
Q

Macronutrients: What is the percentage of Phosphorous and its source?

A

2.5%

Inorganic phosphates

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7
Q

Macronutrients: What is the percentage of Sulphur and its source?

A

1.8%

SO4, H2S, S

Organic sulphur cpds

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8
Q

Macronutrients: What is the percentage of Selenium and its source?

A

0.01%

Ca, K, Mg

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9
Q

How much of Micronutrients/Trace Elements is required?

A

Required in very small amounts

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10
Q

What is the function of Micronutrients/Trace elements?

A

Function as cofactors for enzymes

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11
Q

What is Iron required for?

A

Cellular respiration

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12
Q

List the types of Micronutrients/Trace Elements

A

Boron, Chronium, Cobalt, Copper, Manganese, Molbdenum, Nickel, Tongsten, Vanadium, Zinc

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13
Q

What are the growth factors that some bacteria require?

A

Vitamins, Amino acids, purines, Pyrimidines

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14
Q

What is a Fastidious organism?

A

An organism that requires a more specific set of nutrients in its diet.

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15
Q

Lactic acid bacteria require?

A

A more extensive range than humans

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16
Q

Bacteria obtain energy from?

A

The oxidation of organic molecules

The oxidation of inorganic molecules

Sunlight

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17
Q

Growth requires raw materials and a form of carbon from?

A

Organic carbon sources

Carbon dioxide

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18
Q

Explain Chemoorganotrophs

A

Bacteria in which oxidize the chemical bonds in organic compounds for energy

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19
Q

Explain Chemolithotrophs

A

bacteria in which oxidize the chemical bonds in inorganic compounds for energy

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20
Q

Explain phototrophs

A

Bacteria which gather energy from a light source using photon capture

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21
Q

Explain Autotrophs

A

Bacteria that manufactures its own food from inorganic substances.

22
Q

Explain Heterotrophs

A

Bacteria that relies on a organic source of chemicals

23
Q

Carbon, Energy and reducing equivalents are required for?

A

Cell structure

Sythesis of enzymes, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, phopholipids

Maintenance and repair

Growth and multiplication

Transport

Motility

24
Q

What do Redox reactions generate?

A

Chemical energy

25
Q

Briefly explain Oxidation

A

Removal of electrons or protons to an acceptor that is reduced.

26
Q

Briefly explain Reduction

A

Addition of electron from a donor which is oxidised

27
Q

Energy released from redox reactions is transferred to phosphate compounds in the form of?

A

High energy phosphate bonds

28
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

29
Q

What does Adenosine Triphosphate include?

A

2 High energy anhydride bonds

Main Carrier generated during exergonic reactions and used to drive endogonic reactions

30
Q

Explain Fermentation

A

Anaerobic catabolism of organic material

Substrate level Phosphorylation

Relatively poor ATP yield (2 ATP per glucose molecule).

31
Q

Explain ATP production in substrate level phosphorylation

A

ATP synthesized during enzymatic catabolism of substrate

32
Q

Explain ATP production in Oxidative or electron transport phosphorylation

A

Respiration in the presence of O2 or other electron acceptor

ATP produced by membrane mediated events not linked to the metabolism of a specific substrate

Electron transport chain and ATP production

Organic carbon converted to CO2

33
Q

Explain the Redox reactions in Electron transport chain

A

H atoms from carries such as NADH

Separated into H+ and electron across CM

Electron carried by specific carriers

H+ transferred across CM

Terminal electron acceptor 02 - Aerobic respiration

34
Q

NADH hydrogenases role in Electron transport carriers

A

Proteins on inner surface of cytoplasmic membrane

Transfer H+ from NADH to flavoproteins

35
Q

Flavoproteins role in Electron transport carriers

A

Accepts H+ and donates electrons

36
Q

Non heme iron sulphur proteins role in Electron transport carriers

A

Ferredoxin - accept/donate electron

37
Q

Quinones role in Electron transport carriers

A

Accepts H+ and donates electron

38
Q

Cytochromes role in Electron transport carriers

A

Several types -accept/ donate electons

39
Q

Electron transport chain: Production of ATP by?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

40
Q

Electron transport chain: Involves a series of redox reactions liberating?

A

Energy

41
Q

Electron transport carriers found in the?

A

Cytoplasmic membrane?

42
Q

Separation of electrons and protons leads to?

A

Proton motive force

43
Q

PMF used to produce?

A

ATP

44
Q

ATP production: Explain the production of ATP from the PMF (Mitchell’s chemiosmotic theory 1961)

A

membrane bound ATP synthase or ATPase

Controls entry of protons into the cell and catalyses ADP and ATP

Dissipation of PMF releases energy which is transferred to ADP

Oxidative phosphorylation

45
Q

What is the difference between Fermentation and Respiration

A

In fermentation NADH used to reduce pyruvate

In aerobic respiration NADH/ FADH2 pass electrons to oxygen via electron transport chain
-Complete oxidation of glucose to CO2

Number of ATP produced per glucose molecule

  • Fermentation 2
  • Aerobic Respiration 38
46
Q

Anaerobic respiration: What are the Alternative terminal electron acceptors other than O2?

A

NO3-

NO2-

Fe3+

SO42-

S

Fumerate

CO2

None of electron acceptors as electropositive as O2 so less energy is produced.

47
Q

In anoxic environemtns, anaerobic respiration is important for?

A

The growth of prokaryotes

48
Q

Oxygen requirements for?: Obligate aerobes

A

–Growth inhibited by absence of O2

–Pseudomonas aeruginosa

49
Q

Oxygen requirements for?: Obligate anaerobes

A

–Growth inhibited by presence of O2

–Clostridium and Bacteriodes spp

50
Q

Oxygen requirements for?: Facultative anaerobes

A

–Grow with or without oxygen
–Staphylococcus
and Streptococcus
spp

51
Q

Oxygen requirements for?: Microaerophilic

A

–Grow optimally at elevated levels of CO2

–Neisseria gonnorrhoea, Lactic Acid Bacteria

52
Q

Oxygen requirements for?: Aerotolerant

A

insensitive to the presence of O2

Microbiology and immunology (17 decks)

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