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Microbiology and immunology > Nutrition and metabolism > Flashcards

Nutrition and metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What do bacteria need in order to grow?

A

Nutrients to supply raw material and energy

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2
Q

Macronutrients: What is the percentage of carbon and its source?

A

50%

organic compounds, CO2

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3
Q

Macronutrients: What is the percentage of Nitrogen and its source?

A

13%

NH3, NO3, Organic cpds, N2

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4
Q

Macronutrients: What is the percentage of Hydrogen and its source?

A

8.2%

H2O, Organic cpds, H2

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5
Q

Macronutrients: What is the percentage of Oxygen and its source?

A

17%

H2O2, Organic cpds, CO2 and O2

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6
Q

Macronutrients: What is the percentage of Phosphorous and its source?

A

2.5%

Inorganic phosphates

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7
Q

Macronutrients: What is the percentage of Sulphur and its source?

A

1.8%

SO4, H2S, S

Organic sulphur cpds

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8
Q

Macronutrients: What is the percentage of Selenium and its source?

A

0.01%

Ca, K, Mg

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9
Q

How much of Micronutrients/Trace Elements is required?

A

Required in very small amounts

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10
Q

What is the function of Micronutrients/Trace elements?

A

Function as cofactors for enzymes

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11
Q

What is Iron required for?

A

Cellular respiration

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12
Q

List the types of Micronutrients/Trace Elements

A

Boron, Chronium, Cobalt, Copper, Manganese, Molbdenum, Nickel, Tongsten, Vanadium, Zinc

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13
Q

What are the growth factors that some bacteria require?

A

Vitamins, Amino acids, purines, Pyrimidines

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14
Q

What is a Fastidious organism?

A

An organism that requires a more specific set of nutrients in its diet.

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15
Q

Lactic acid bacteria require?

A

A more extensive range than humans

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16
Q

Bacteria obtain energy from?

A

The oxidation of organic molecules

The oxidation of inorganic molecules

Sunlight

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17
Q

Growth requires raw materials and a form of carbon from?

A

Organic carbon sources

Carbon dioxide

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18
Q

Explain Chemoorganotrophs

A

Bacteria in which oxidize the chemical bonds in organic compounds for energy

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19
Q

Explain Chemolithotrophs

A

bacteria in which oxidize the chemical bonds in inorganic compounds for energy

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20
Q

Explain phototrophs

A

Bacteria which gather energy from a light source using photon capture

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21
Q

Explain Autotrophs

A

Bacteria that manufactures its own food from inorganic substances.

22
Q

Explain Heterotrophs

A

Bacteria that relies on a organic source of chemicals

23
Q

Carbon, Energy and reducing equivalents are required for?

A

Cell structure

Sythesis of enzymes, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, phopholipids

Maintenance and repair

Growth and multiplication

Transport

Motility

24
Q

What do Redox reactions generate?

A

Chemical energy

25
Briefly explain Oxidation
Removal of electrons or protons to an acceptor that is reduced.
26
Briefly explain Reduction
Addition of electron from a donor which is oxidised
27
Energy released from redox reactions is transferred to phosphate compounds in the form of?
High energy phosphate bonds
28
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
29
What does Adenosine Triphosphate include?
2 High energy anhydride bonds Main Carrier generated during exergonic reactions and used to drive endogonic reactions
30
Explain Fermentation
Anaerobic catabolism of organic material Substrate level Phosphorylation Relatively poor ATP yield (2 ATP per glucose molecule).
31
Explain ATP production in substrate level phosphorylation
ATP synthesized during enzymatic catabolism of substrate
32
Explain ATP production in Oxidative or electron transport phosphorylation
Respiration in the presence of O2 or other electron acceptor ATP produced by membrane mediated events not linked to the metabolism of a specific substrate Electron transport chain and ATP production Organic carbon converted to CO2
33
Explain the Redox reactions in Electron transport chain
H atoms from carries such as NADH Separated into H+ and electron across CM Electron carried by specific carriers H+ transferred across CM Terminal electron acceptor 02 - Aerobic respiration
34
NADH hydrogenases role in Electron transport carriers
Proteins on inner surface of cytoplasmic membrane Transfer H+ from NADH to flavoproteins
35
Flavoproteins role in Electron transport carriers
Accepts H+ and donates electrons
36
Non heme iron sulphur proteins role in Electron transport carriers
Ferredoxin - accept/donate electron
37
Quinones role in Electron transport carriers
Accepts H+ and donates electron
38
Cytochromes role in Electron transport carriers
Several types -accept/ donate electons
39
Electron transport chain: Production of ATP by?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
40
Electron transport chain: Involves a series of redox reactions liberating?
Energy
41
Electron transport carriers found in the?
Cytoplasmic membrane?
42
Separation of electrons and protons leads to?
Proton motive force
43
PMF used to produce?
ATP
44
ATP production: Explain the production of ATP from the PMF (Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory 1961)
membrane bound ATP synthase or ATPase Controls entry of protons into the cell and catalyses ADP and ATP Dissipation of PMF releases energy which is transferred to ADP Oxidative phosphorylation
45
What is the difference between Fermentation and Respiration
In fermentation NADH used to reduce pyruvate In aerobic respiration NADH/ FADH2 pass electrons to oxygen via electron transport chain -Complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 Number of ATP produced per glucose molecule - Fermentation 2 - Aerobic Respiration 38
46
Anaerobic respiration: What are the Alternative terminal electron acceptors other than O2?
NO3- NO2- Fe3+ SO42- S Fumerate CO2 None of electron acceptors as electropositive as O2 so less energy is produced.
47
In anoxic environemtns, anaerobic respiration is important for?
The growth of prokaryotes
48
Oxygen requirements for?: Obligate aerobes
–Growth inhibited by absence of O2 –Pseudomonas aeruginosa
49
Oxygen requirements for?: Obligate anaerobes
–Growth inhibited by presence of O2 –Clostridium and Bacteriodes spp
50
Oxygen requirements for?: Facultative anaerobes
–Grow with or without oxygen –Staphylococcus and Streptococcus spp
51
Oxygen requirements for?: Microaerophilic
–Grow optimally at elevated levels of CO2 –Neisseria gonnorrhoea, Lactic Acid Bacteria
52
Oxygen requirements for?: Aerotolerant
insensitive to the presence of O2

Microbiology and immunology (17 decks)

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