Nutrition and exercise in diabetes Flashcards
What can type 1 diabetes lead to if untreated
Hyperglycaemia Polyuria Polydyipsia Weight loss Dehydration Electrolyte disturbance Ketoacidosis
What are offsprings of type 2 diabetics like
They manifest signs of insulin resistance at an early age
What is the definition of metabolic syndrome
A cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus
What are the risk factors for metabolic syndrome
- Central Obesity (country specific)
- Triglycerides >1.7mmol/l
- HDL cholesterol <1 males, <1.3 females
- Blood pressure>130/85mmHg
- Fasting glucose >5.6mmol/l
What should the insulin and diet goals be for type 1 diabetes
Integrate insulin regime into lifestyle
Adjust insulin regimen to match carbohydrate intake
Consistent day-to-day carbohydrate intake
Adopt a balanced diet
How much insulin is required for carbohydrate consumed
1g insulin needed for every 10g carbs consumed
What should the insulin and diet goals be for type 2 diabetes
Lifestyle changes to improve glycaemia, insulin sensitivity, dyslipidaemia and blood pressure
Reduce energy intake/weight loss (highly effective in preventing progression from prediabetes to T2D and in managing cardio metabolic health in T2D
600kcal/day for 8 weeks resolves type 2 diabetes
What happens to fasting glucose and hepatic glucose production, and hepatic fat content within a week of a very low calorie diet
Normalised within a week, along with a substantial reduction in hepatic fat content
How may a high protein intake affect people and how may it affect those with chronic kidney disease
- Promotes weight loss and preservation of lean body mass
- MAy impair renal function in individuals with chronic kidney disease
what should dietary fat recommendations be for someone with diabetes
- Saturated fats? daily cholesterol?
- How would you improve glycaemia, lipaemia and insulin sensitivity
Limit fat to <35% of energy requirements
Saturated fats <7% of total energy, dietary cholesterol <200mg/day
Replace with mono or poly unsaturated fats to improve glycaemia, lipaemia and insulin sensitivity
How does exercise help diabetes
Reduces blood glucose and controls glycaemia and reduces cardiovascular risks
How much exercise should be done per week in diabetes
at least 150mins per week of moderate to vigorous physical activity, over at least 3 days
-Combining aerobic and resistance exercise
How does exercise affect glucose uptake
Stimulates glucose uptake (but not affected by T2D).
does this by GLUT4 transporters and increases action of insulin
What can occur in T1D during and after exercise and why
How to adjust dose of insulin during exercise
Hypoglycaemia
- High circulating insulin will suppress hepatic glucose output
- LAck of glucagon will impair hepatic glucose output
- High circulating insulin will suppress FFA mobilisation from adipose tissue
- Increased reliance on carbohydrate sources (blood glucose and muscle glycogen)
- Exercise is essential for health, so lower insulin dose before exercise and ingest CHO before, during and after exercise
